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Design Check Lists: HW Design Checking List for i.MX6DQSDL HW Design Checking List for i.Mx53 Hardware Design Checklist for i.MX28 HW_Design_Checking_List_for_i.MX6SoloX i.MX6UL Hardware design checklist   DDR Design Tool: I.MX53 DDR3 Script Aid imx53 DDR stress tester V0.042 i.Mx6DQSDL DDR3 Script Aid MX6DQP DDR3 Script Aid i.Mx6DQSDL LPDDR2 Script Aid i.Mx6SL LPDDR2 Script Aid i.MX6SX DDR3 Script Aid I.MX6UL DDR3 Script Aid i.MX6UL_LPDDR2_Script_Aid i.MX6ULL_DDR3_Script_Aid  i.MX6ULL_LPDDR2_Script_Aid  MX6SLL_LPDDR2_Script_Aid  MX6SLL_LPDDR3_Script_Aid  i.MX6 DDR Stress Test Tool V1.0.3 i.MX6/7 DDR Stress Test Tool V3.00 i.MX8MSCALE DDR Tool Release  i.MX8M DDR3L register programming aid  i.MX 8/8X Family DDR Tools Release   Application Notes: MX_Design_Validation_Guide I.MX6 series USB Certification Guides
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i.MX evaluation board can be a simple solution to program i.MX boards in a factory for instance. i.MX evaluation board are not for industrial usage, but you can find plenty of cheap i.MX insdustrial boards on the web. Here I am using an i.MX8QXP rev B0 MEK board and I will program an i.MX6Q SABRE SD board. The first step is to generate your image. Follow the documentation steps to generate the "validation" image. You will have to customize a little bit the local.conf file (in conf/local.conf) to have git, cmake, gcc and other missing package. edit local.conf and add the following lines at the end of the file: IMAGE_INSTALL_append = " git cmake htop packagegroup-core-buildessential xz p7zip rsync"‍‍‍‍‍ I have added rsync package in local, it can replace cp (copy) but with the --progress option you can see the copy progression. P7zip replace unzip for our images archives avaialable on nxp.com as unzip as issues with big files. then rebake your image: bitbake -k fsl-image-validation-imx‍‍‍‍‍ When it is done, go in tmp/deploy/image/<your image generated> and use uuu to program your board (I use a sd card; thus I can increase the partition esily): sudo ./uuu -b sd_all imx-boot-imx8qxpmek-sd.bin-flash fsl-image-validation-imx-imx8qxpmek.sdcard.bz2/*‍‍‍‍‍ As the rootfs can be too small, use gparted under Linux for instance to increase the size of the partition. Put the SD card and start your board. Here here the dirty part... You may know archlinux|ARM websitesite (Arch Linux ARM ), you have a lots of precompiled packages. Thus on the board you can download it, and copy the file in /usr folder (you can use it to have the latest openSSL for  instance!). Plug an ethernet cable on the board and check if it is up: ifconfig -a ifconfig eth0 up‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍ Now you should have access to the internet. On uuu webpage you can find all the packages you need (here I am using a 4.14.98_2.0.0 Linux): mkdir missinglibs cd missinglibs wget http://mirror.archlinuxarm.org/aarch64/core/bzip2-1.0.8-2-aarch64.pkg.tar.xz wget http://mirror.archlinuxarm.org/aarch64/core/nettle-3.5.1-1-aarch64.pkg.tar.xz wget http://mirror.archlinuxarm.org/aarch64/core/libusb-1.0.22-1-aarch64.pkg.tar.xz wget http://mirror.archlinuxarm.org/aarch64/extra/libzip-1.5.2-2-aarch64.pkg.tar.xz wget http://mirror.archlinuxarm.org/aarch64/core/zlib-1:1.2.11-3-aarch64.pkg.tar.xz wget http://mirror.archlinuxarm.org/aarch64/extra/p7zip-16.02-5-aarch64.pkg.tar.xz cd ..‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍ Wait all the archives are downloaded (otherwise you'll decompress before the archive is downloaded) as wget is running in background! Now untar the archives and copy it in the rootfs (dirty): tar -xJf libzip-1.5.2-2-aarch64.pkg.tar.xz tar -xJf libusb-1.0.22-1-aarch64.pkg.tar.xz tar -xJf nettle-3.5.1-1-aarch64.pkg.tar.xz tar -xJf bzip2-1.0.8-2-aarch64.pkg.tar.xz cp zlib-1:1.2.11-3-aarch64.pkg.tar.xz zlib tar -xJf zlib tar -xJf p7zip-16.02-5-aarch64.pkg.tar.xz cd usr sudo cp -R . /usr cd ../../ ‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍ Download and compile uuu: git clone git://github.com/NXPmicro/mfgtools.git cd mfgtools/ cmake . make‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍ Download an image on nxp.com for instance. I have downloaded on the i.MX6 4.14.98_2.0.0 image and put it on a usb key. then unzip it in the uuu folder: 7z e L4.14.98_2.0.0_ga_images_MX6QPDLSOLOX.zip‍‍‍‍ As mentionned before unzip cannot hadle big files... so use 7z as me plug the i.MX6Q SABRE SD to the i.MX8X and program your i.MX6 board: ./uuu uuu.auto-imx6qsabresd‍ uuu (Universal Update Utility) for nxp imx chips -- libuuu_1.3.74-0-g64eeca1 Success 1 Failure 0 ‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍
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A new version of the Pins Tool for i.MX Application Processors has been released and is available for download as desktop tool from Pins Tool for i.MX Application Processors|NXP. The pins Tool for i.MX Application Processors is used for pin routing configuration, validation and code generation, including pin functional/electrical properties, power rails, run-time configurations, with the following main features: Desktop application Muxing and pin configuration with consistency checking Multicore support ANSI-C initialization code Graphical processor package view Multiple configuration blocks/functions Easy-to-use device configuration Selection of Pins and Peripherals Package with IP blocks Routed pins with electrical characteristics Registers with configured and reset values Power Groups with assigned voltage levels Source code for C/C++ applications Documented and easy to understand source code CSV Report and Device Tree File Localized for English and Simplified Chinese Mostly Connected: On-Demand device data download Integrates with any compiler and IDE What's New Added Label support to give signals a name Added ‘Log’ and ‘Problems’ view to report conflicts between settings Added support for templates to store user configurations as starting point for new configurations Added ability to download and share data for devices, especially for off-network host machines i.MX header files are now automatically part of the device data Import of legacy Processor Expert .pe files Export of register defines Various bug fixes and documentation improvements The release notes of the desktop application are attached to this article. Import Processor Expert Files A new importer has been added to import legacy Processor Expert for i.MX files: Labels Signals can now have user defined labels: Templates, Kits, Boards and Processors When creating a new configuration, it offers Templates, Boards and Processors. Custom configurations can be stored as templates and then used for new configurations. Board Specific Functions With the provided board and kit configurations, there are now pre-configured initialization functions for major blocks on the board: Export Data To simplify downloading the device specific data for the desktop tool, the 'Export' function can be used to download and export the data. The data can be copied that way to another machine or all data for a set of devices can be loaded. Export Registers With the Export command the registers can be exported as text/source: This is used to store the register values: /*FUNCTION********************************************************************** * * Function Name : init_audmux_pins * Description   : Configures pin routing and optionally pin electrical features. * *END**************************************************************************/ #define INIT_AUDMUX_PINS_IOMUXC_AUD5_INPUT_DA_AMX_SELECT_INPUT_VALUE            0x00000000   /*!< Register name: IOMUXC_AUD5_INPUT_DA_AMX_SELECT_INPUT */ #define INIT_AUDMUX_PINS_IOMUXC_AUD5_INPUT_TXCLK_AMX_SELECT_INPUT_VALUE         0x00000000   /*!< Register name: IOMUXC_AUD5_INPUT_TXCLK_AMX_SELECT_INPUT */ #define INIT_AUDMUX_PINS_IOMUXC_AUD5_INPUT_TXFS_AMX_SELECT_INPUT_VALUE          0x00000000   /*!< Register name: IOMUXC_AUD5_INPUT_TXFS_AMX_SELECT_INPUT */ #define INIT_AUDMUX_PINS_IOMUXC_SW_MUX_CTL_PAD_DI0_PIN02_VALUE                  0x00000002   /*!< Register name: IOMUXC_SW_MUX_CTL_PAD_DI0_PIN02 */ #define INIT_AUDMUX_PINS_IOMUXC_SW_MUX_CTL_PAD_DI0_PIN03_VALUE                  0x00000002   /*!< Register name: IOMUXC_SW_MUX_CTL_PAD_DI0_PIN03 */ #define INIT_AUDMUX_PINS_IOMUXC_SW_MUX_CTL_PAD_DI0_PIN04_VALUE                  0x00000002   /*!< Register name: IOMUXC_SW_MUX_CTL_PAD_DI0_PIN04 */ #define INIT_AUDMUX_PINS_IOMUXC_SW_MUX_CTL_PAD_DI0_PIN15_VALUE                  0x00000002   /*!< Register name: IOMUXC_SW_MUX_CTL_PAD_DI0_PIN15 */ #define INIT_AUDMUX_PINS_IOMUXC_SW_MUX_CTL_PAD_DISP0_DATA16_VALUE               0x00000003   /*!< Register name: IOMUXC_SW_MUX_CTL_PAD_DISP0_DATA16 */ #define INIT_AUDMUX_PINS_IOMUXC_SW_MUX_CTL_PAD_DISP0_DATA18_VALUE               0x00000003   /*!< Register name: IOMUXC_SW_MUX_CTL_PAD_DISP0_DATA18 */ #define INIT_AUDMUX_PINS_IOMUXC_SW_MUX_CTL_PAD_DISP0_DATA19_VALUE               0x00000003   /*!< Register name: IOMUXC_SW_MUX_CTL_PAD_DISP0_DATA19 */ ‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍ We hope you will find this new release useful. Thanks for designing with NXP! 
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Overview Measuring the power consumed an i.MX application processor can be a challenging undertaking. This document describes several boards designed to instrument i.MX application boards for current measurements. While this system does not offer many digits of accuracy, it can be used to quantify power consumed by application use cases as well as while in low power modes. The system can be used to instrument up to four power supply rails and measure current in two ranges. Range switching on the sensor boards is controlled via software running on the Kinetis K20 at the heard of the profiler board. Measured data is sent to a host computer over a virtual serial link over USB. Power for the profiler system is obtained from the USB connection although a external 5V supply may be used. Dual-Range Current Sensors INA250 + INA21x Sensor Circuit Description: The INA250 + INA21x Sensor board can measure two ranges using the INA250 and INA21x current sense amplifiers. The high range is measured with an INA250, which has an integrated 0.002 Ohm shunt, and is available in four output gains. The low range is measured with shunt R1 and the INA21x sense amp. The low range shunt is taken out of the circuit (by shorting it) with two paralleled, very low-Rds(on) FETs, Q1 and Q1. VCC_SENSE powers the two sense amplifiers. VCC_FET supplies the gate voltage on Q1 and Q2. The DMN1019 device has a Vgs max of 8V. The sources of both FETs are tied to the i.MX side of the current sense loop, so the gate voltage Q1 and Q2 see is VCC_FET-(rail voltage). The signal /LOW_EN controls the state of both Q1 and Q2. The sense amplifier outputs (HIGH_OUT1 and LOW_OUT1) and rail voltage (V_RAIL_MEASURE) are sent down the ribbon cable (X2) to the profiler board for measurement. When not used for a wire loop for a Hall-effect current probe, resistor R3 should be shorted with a solder bridge, a piece of wire, or a 0.001 Ohm resistor. Schematic: Board Layout: The two large vias by the current sense connection points are provided for use with a 0.1" header and jumper to short the low range shunt, allowing normal operation of the target board when the profiler is not powered. It should be noted a jumper will not be as effective for relatively large currents. BOM: Part   Device C1,C2  0.1uF 0805 Q1,Q2  DMN1019USN-13 SOT23 R1     2 1% 0805 (resize to change low range) R2     10k 0805 R3     Solder bridge/wire loop (see schematic) U1     INA250 TSSOP16 (choose gain, A3 [0.8V/A] or A4 [2.0V/A]) U2     INA21X SC70 (choose desired gain) X2     WM6769CT/0527460871 (bottom contacts) Dual INA21x Sensor Circuit Description: The Dual INA21x Sensor board can measure two ranges using two INA21x current sense amplifiers and two different shunts. The high range shunt (R1) is always in place. The low range shunt is taken out of the circuit (by shorting it) with two paralleled, very low-Rds(on) FETs, Q1 and Q1. VCC_SENSE powers the two sense amplifiers. VCC_FET supplies the gate voltage on Q1 and Q2. The DMN1019 device has a Vgs max of 8V. The sources of both FETs are tied to the i.MX side of the current sense loop, so the gate voltage Q1 and Q2 see is VCC_FET-(rail voltage). The signal /LOW_EN controls the state of both Q1 and Q2. The sense amplifier outputs (HIGH_OUT1 and LOW_OUT1) and rail voltage (V_RAIL_MEASURE) are sent down the ribbon cable (X2) to the profiler board for measurement. Schematic: Board Layout: The two large vias by the current sense connection points are provided for use with a 0.1" header and jumper to short the low range shunt, allowing normal operation of the target board when the profiler is not powered. It should be noted a jumper will not be as effective for relatively large currents. BOM: Part   Device C1,C2  0.1uF 0805 Q1,Q2  DMN1019USN-13 SOT23 R1     0.002 1% 0805 (resize to change high range) R2     0.05 1% 0805 (resize to change low range) R3     10k 0805 U1,U2  INA21X SC70 (choose desired gain) X2     WM6769CT/0527460871  (bottom contacts) Four-Channel Power Profiler Circuit Description: The Four-Channel Power Profiler board has at its heart a Kinetis K20 on a Teensy3.2 board. The ADCs of the K20 measure all the current sense amplifier's outputs, the voltage of each instrumented rail. There is provision for measuring temperature using up to three thermistors. GPIO provide control each sensor board's current range, and optionally, a hardware wake-up signal for the instrumented target board. Up to four dual-range sensor boards can be connected (either sensor board mentioned above). A micro-SD card socket is included for storing measured data (the SD card functionality has been tested but not implemented for use with measurements). Measured data is sent to the host computer over a virtual serial port using the Teensy's USB. Charge pump U1 boosts the 5V supply to 12V. The output is regulated down to 8V on VCC_FET via regulator U2. R2 and C5 provide filtering for the 3.3V supply from the Teensy that feeds the sensor boards through VCC_SENSE. FETs Q1 through Q4 provide voltage level translation which protect the Teensy's GPIO pins from the 8V that's placed on the gates of the shorting FETs on the sensor boards. Regulator IC2 provides power for the micro-SD socket, since the 3.3V regulator on the Teensy does not provide enough capacity. Since there are not "smarts" on the sensor boards, the Teensy has no way of knowing what kind of sensor board is connected or what shunt values and sense amplifier gains are in use. As currently implemented, current and voltage calculations are hard coded in the Teensy application code. Schematic: Board Layout: BOM: Part    Device C1,C2   0.22uF 0805 C3-C7   1uF 0805 C10,C12 1uF 0805 C11     0.1uF 0805 IC2     MCP1825ST-3302 SOT223 Q1-Q4   DMN1019USN SOT23 R2-R4   20k 1% 0805 R5-R8   10k 0805 R9      Ferrite bead 0805 S1-S4   WM6769CT/0527460871 (bottom contacts) U$1     101-00660-68-6-1-ND MICROSD U1      MAX662CPASO8 SO08 U2      78L08SMD SO08 Use mating Molex cables: 8in: 0150200087 or 10in: 0151660091 Using the Power Profiler Obtaining Sensor and Profiler Boards: Bare boards may be ordered directly from OSH Park using these links: INA250 + INA21x Sensor board (order with 2oz copper option selected) Dual INA21x Sensor board (order with 2oz copper option selected) Power Profiler board The sensor boards should be ordered with the 2oz copper option selected to reduce the trace resistance of the target board's current path. No special option is needed for the profiler board. Teensy3.2 boards may be ordered from OSH Park as well, and at a slightly lower price than the manufacturer (PJRC) sells them. Choosing Current Ranges: To choose the value of a shunt resistor, use the following equation: Rsh = Vfs / (Ifs * gain) where: Rsh is the shunt resistance Vfs is the full scale sense amplifier output voltage (3.3V here) Ifs is the full scale current to be measured gain is the gain of the sense amp to be used For example, to measure a 66mA full scale current with a sense amp of gain 1000, Rsh = 3.3V / (0.066A * 1000) = 0.050 Ohms. For sleep/leakage current, say 1mA full scale: Rsh = 3.3V / (0.001 * 1000) = 3.3 Ohms. The pads on both sensor boards for the shunt resistors have been laid out for 0805 SMT resistors. Precision resistors should be used, 1% or better. The highest power dissipation resistor available should be used to minimize resistance change from the shunt resistor heating up; 0805 resistors are typically available with 1/8, 1/4, 1/2 and 1 Watt dissipation. Building and Testing: These boards were designed to be assembled by hand in small quantities. The most difficult components to solder are the ribbon connectors and the SC70 packaged sense amplifiers. A fine tip soldering iron and a microscope are required. Solder wick is helpful for removing solder bridges from between pins (typically the ribbon connector and the sense amplifiers).  Early versions of the profiler board were assembled with header pins soldered to the Teensy and mating female recepticles soldered to the profiler board. Later versions (like in the example below) were assembled with male header pins between the Teensy and the profiler board.  To test the boards after assembly, check for the presence of 8V on the pull-up resistors R5-R8 when a USB cable is plugged into the Teensy. Program the Teensy with suitable application code. Connect the sensor boards to the profiler. Connect all the sensor boards together in series, positive of one to negative of the next and connect to a calibrated current source. (The image below shows an early prototype of the profiler with the sensor boards connected in series. Current is forced through them via the Kelvin contact clips.) Open a terminal window on the host computer. Force known currents and toggle the ranges of each sensor to verify that each sensor operates correctly in both ranges. To check that the profiler measures rail voltage correctly, disconnect the current source and apply the positive side of a voltage source to either side of the sensors still connected in series and connect the ground of the voltage source to a ground point on the profiler. The rail voltage measured by each sensor should match the supplied voltage (0 to 3.3V max). Accuracy/Calibration: After building in excess of 20 sensor boards and 6 profiler boards and checking their measurements against a Keysight B2902 SMU forcing known currents, the profiler system is fairly accurate. Measurements are good down to about 2% of any range's full scale; lower than that gets into the input offset range of the sense amplifier. Individual readings within 1% of that range's full scale when compared against forced current values. No calibration or tuning has been necessary. Measured values should only be considered good to at most 3 significant figures. Limitations: The maximum current through any sensor should be limited to a maximum of 4A. The current limit when using the low range needs to avoid exceeding the power dissipation of the low range shunt resistor. Particularly, the dissipation in the low range shunt resistor can cause resistance changes that would affect measurement accuracy. The voltage of any instrumented rail cannot be greater than 3.3V, the maximum input voltage of the K20's ADC inputs. Minimum resistance the sensor introduces is in high range is about 0.012 to 0.015 Ohms with a 0.002 Ohm shunt. At least 0.005 Ohms comes from the two shorting FETs on the sensor board. The rest comes from the traces on the board as well as the interconnect wires. The bottom line is: the sensor board has to be mounted as closely as possible to the current sense point on the target board. The maximum resistance the sensor introduces depends on the low range shunt. With a 0.020 Ohm low range shunt, the resistance is about 0.025 to 0.030 Ohms. With a 0.050 Ohm low range shunt, the resistance is about 0.065 to 0.075 Ohms. The sensor board needs to be rigidly mounted to prevent ripping up the current sense points on the target board. This can be a challenge when many rails are instrumented. Instrumenting Target Board: When instrumenting a target board, the on-board current sense resistor should be removed. The sensor board should be attached to the target board placed as close as possible to the sense resistor pads. Connection wires to the sensor board should be as short as possible to minimize series resistance. Great care should be taken to prevent movement of the sensor boards that could in turn lift the sense resistor pads off the target board. Foam double sticky tape should be used over clear areas of the target board to avoid dislodging components when the tape is removed. In the photos below, seven power supplies are instrumented on an interposer card. In this example, the sensor boards were affixed to perf board held in place by the headers. Because of the physical constraints of the target board and its power supply card, mounting the sensor boards directly to the interposer was not possible. Four sensors were mounted on one side and three on the other. Notches were cut in the perf board for the sensor's connection wires on the opposite side. Two profiler boards are required for simultaneous use. (Two were also required because the 0.1" headers and jumpers were not installed on the sensor boards to passively short the low-range shunts; all the sensor boards need to be powered to actively short the low-range shunts.)  The positive input of the sensor board (the center of the three connection points) goes to the regulator side of the current sense resistor. The negative input (either of the two outside connections) goes to the i.MX side of the sense resistor. [NOTE: In this example, the power profiler boards have not been fully populated: the thermistor-related components and the micro-SD card socket. The sensor boards were fully populated with the exception of the passive shorting jumper.] Here is another example of a board with six instrumented rails. The sensors in this case are mounted directly on the target board. In this example, the 12V rail is instrumented, which required modding to add a voltage divider to V_RAIL_LOWSIDE on that sensor board.  And here's yet another example of an instrumented i.MX6Q SDB (which still has wires on it from measuring it the old way...). Although it's difficult to see in this photo, all of the sensor boards have a jumper across the low range shunt which permits normal operation of the board without the profiler board attached to provide power to the shorting FETs. Profiler Application Code for Kinetis/Teensy: Below is sample application code for the Teensy for use with four INA250 + INA21x sensor boards populated with the INA250A3 (0.8V/A gain) for the high range and 0.05 Ohm shunts and INA212 (gain 1000). The current range of each channel can be independently changed. This code is also attached below as a file. Data is sent to the host computer over a USB virtual serial port. To reflash/update Teensy code, follow the instructions from PJRC. Download Windows virtual com port driver. /* MIT License (https://spdx.org/licenses/MIT.html) Copyright 2017 NXP Teensy Power Profiler v.2 (revised main board with individual Hi/Lo GPIO, fixed voltage levels, and on-board uSD card socket. Very basic code for the Teensy Power Profiler that sets up the ADCs and controls the GPIO with very basic, single-character serial commands... This version for all INA250A3 on high range, and 0.05Ohms+INA212 (1000 gain) on low range. */ // These constants won't change.  They're used to give names to the pins used: const int LoHiEn1 = 0; const int LoHiEn2 = 1; const int LoHiEn3 = 2; const int LoHiEn4 = 3; const int WakeUp = 5; const int Lo_1 = A0; const int Vrail_1 = A1; const int Hi_1 = A2; const int Lo_2 = A3; const int Vrail_2 = A4;  const int Hi_2 = A5; const int Lo_3 = A6; const int Vrail_3 = A7; const int Hi_3 = A8; const int Lo_4 = A9; const int Vrail_4 = A11; const int Hi_4 = A10; const int Therm1 = A14; #include <math.h> // thermistor temperature calculation stuff... int sensorValue = 0;        // value read from the pot float sensorValuef = 0.0; int B = 4334; // B25/100 value for thermistor NXRT15WF104FA1B040 // other stuff... int delayintvl = 20; int incomingByte; float vrefL = 3.3; float vrefH = 3.3; float vrefV = 3.3; bool one=true;   bool dispone=true; bool two=true;   bool disptwo=true; bool three=true; bool dispthree=true; bool four=true;  bool dispfour=true; int i,j; int num=100; float v1, v2, v3, v4, i1, i2, i3, i4; float il1, il2, il3, il4; void setup() {   // initialize serial communications at 115200 bps:   Serial.begin(115200);   // set analog resolution to 12 bits... (we want more than the 8 default bits...)   analogReadResolution(12);   // set up low/high range wakeup GPIO signals...   pinMode(LoHiEn1, OUTPUT); digitalWrite(LoHiEn1, HIGH);   pinMode(LoHiEn2, OUTPUT); digitalWrite(LoHiEn2, HIGH);   pinMode(LoHiEn3, OUTPUT); digitalWrite(LoHiEn3, HIGH);   pinMode(LoHiEn4, OUTPUT); digitalWrite(LoHiEn4, HIGH);   pinMode(WakeUp, OUTPUT); digitalWrite(WakeUp, HIGH); } void loop() {   // average voltages and currents...   v1=0; v2=0; v3=0; v4=0;   i1=0; i2=0; i3=0; i4=0;   il1=0; il2=0; il3=0; il4=0;   for (i=0; i<num; i++){     v1 = v1+ analogRead(Vrail_1)/4095.*vrefV;     i1 = i1+ analogRead(Hi_1)/4095.*vrefH/0.8*1000;     il1 = il1+ analogRead(Lo_1)/4095.*vrefH/0.05;     v2 = v2+ analogRead(Vrail_2)/4095.*vrefV;     i2 = i2+ analogRead(Hi_2)/4095.*vrefH/0.8*1000;     il2 = il2+ analogRead(Lo_2)/4095.*vrefH/0.05;     v3 = v3+ analogRead(Vrail_3)/4095.*vrefV;     i3 = i3+ analogRead(Hi_3)/4095.*vrefH/0.8*1000;     il3 = il3+ analogRead(Lo_3)/4095.*vrefH/0.05;     v4 = v4+ analogRead(Vrail_4)/4095.*vrefV;     i4 = i4+ analogRead(Hi_4)/4095.*vrefH/0.8*1000;     il4 = il4+ analogRead(Lo_4)/4095.*vrefH/0.05;   }   v1 = v1/num; v2 = v2/num; v3 = v3/num; v4 = v4/num;   i1 = i1/num; i2 = i2/num; i3 = i3/num; i4 = i4/num;   il1 = il1/num; il2 = il2/num; il3 = il3/num; il4 = il4/num;   // print the results to the serial monitor:   if (dispone) {   Serial.print(" RAIL1 (V)= ");  Serial.print(v1);  //Serial.print("\r\n");   if (!one) {Serial.print("    L1 (mA)= ");  Serial.print(il1, 1);}  //Serial.print("\r\n");   if (1==1) {Serial.print("    H1 (mA)= ");  Serial.print(i1, 1); }   Serial.print("\r\n");   }   if (disptwo) {   Serial.print(" RAIL2 (V)= ");  Serial.print(v2);  //Serial.print("\r\n");   if (!two) {Serial.print("    L2 (mA)= ");  Serial.print(il2, 1);}  //Serial.print("\r\n");   if (1==1) {Serial.print("    H2 (mA)= ");  Serial.print(i2, 1);}    Serial.print("\r\n");   }   if (dispthree) {   Serial.print(" RAIL3 (V)= ");  Serial.print(v3);  //Serial.print("\r\n");   if (!three) {Serial.print("    L3 (mA)= ");  Serial.print(il3, 1);}  //Serial.print("\r\n");   if (1==1) {Serial.print("    H3 (mA)= ");  Serial.print(i3, 1);}    Serial.print("\r\n");   }   if (dispfour) {   Serial.print(" RAIL4 (V)= ");  Serial.print(v4);  //Serial.print("\r\n");   if (!four) {Serial.print("    L4 (mA)= ");  Serial.print(il4, 1);}  //Serial.print("\r\n");   if (1==1) {Serial.print("    H4 (mA)= ");  Serial.print(i4, 1);}    Serial.print("\r\n");   }   Serial.print("\r\n");   Serial.print("\r\n");   while (Serial.available()) {  // while there are characters in the buffer, grab them all...     incomingByte = Serial.read();  // will not be -1     Serial.print("Incoming byte: "); Serial.print(incomingByte);     // Serial.print("    Delay interval:"); Serial.print(delayintvl);  Serial.print("\r\n");     if (incomingByte == 'h' || incomingByte == 'H'){       Serial.print("\r\n\r\nHelp:\r\n\r\n");       Serial.print("  +/= delay interval +/- 10mS\r\n");       Serial.print("  /- delay interval 20msec/1sec\r\n");       Serial.print("  l/L all rails low/high range in unison\r\n");       Serial.print("  q/w/e/r toggle display of rail 1/2/3/4\r\n");       Serial.print("  1/2/3/4 high range of rail 1/2/3/4\r\n");       Serial.print("  !/@/#/$ low range of rail 1/2/3/4\r\n");       Serial.print("  h print this help...\r\n");       Serial.print("\r\n");       delay(2000);       }     // change delay interval...     if (incomingByte == '+') delayintvl = delayintvl + 10;     if (incomingByte == '=') delayintvl = delayintvl - 10;     if (incomingByte == '_') delayintvl = 20;     if (incomingByte == '-') delayintvl = 1000;     if (delayintvl<1) delayintvl = 20;     // toggle low/high range of all rails in unison...     if (incomingByte == 'L') {       digitalWrite(LoHiEn1, LOW);       digitalWrite(LoHiEn2, LOW);       digitalWrite(LoHiEn3, LOW);       digitalWrite(LoHiEn4, LOW);       one = true; two = true; three = true; four = true;     }     if (incomingByte == 'l') {       digitalWrite(LoHiEn1, HIGH);       digitalWrite(LoHiEn2, HIGH);       digitalWrite(LoHiEn3, HIGH);       digitalWrite(LoHiEn4, HIGH);       one = false; two = false; three = false; four = false;     }     // still unimplemented, but for wakeup of target board...     if (incomingByte == 'w') digitalWrite(WakeUp, LOW);     if (incomingByte == 'W') digitalWrite(WakeUp, HIGH);     // toggle display of rail...     if (incomingByte == 'q') dispone = !dispone;     if (incomingByte == 'w') disptwo = !disptwo;     if (incomingByte == 'e') dispthree = !dispthree;     if (incomingByte == 'r') dispfour = !dispfour;     // change between high/low range..     if (incomingByte == '1') { digitalWrite(LoHiEn1, LOW);  one = true; }     if (incomingByte == '!') { digitalWrite(LoHiEn1, HIGH); one = false;}     if (incomingByte == '2') { digitalWrite(LoHiEn2, LOW);  two = true;}     if (incomingByte == '@') { digitalWrite(LoHiEn2, HIGH); two = false;}     if (incomingByte == '3') { digitalWrite(LoHiEn3, LOW);  three = true;}     if (incomingByte == '#') { digitalWrite(LoHiEn3, HIGH); three = false;}     if (incomingByte == '4') { digitalWrite(LoHiEn4, LOW);  four = true;}     if (incomingByte == '$') { digitalWrite(LoHiEn4, HIGH); four = false;}     }   // wait delayintvl mS after the last reading:   delay(delayintvl); }‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍ Future Work and Improvements Work on a "smart" sensor with a local Kinetis device (KL02Z or KL05Z) on the sensor board itself that has three separate sense amplifiers (one run/high current and two low) has begun. There are several advantages to having a microcontroller on each sensor board: All instrumented rails can be measured simultaneously The sampling rate can be increase over current generation's round robin Measured data is sent over I2C or UART, allowing arbitrary number of rails to be instrumented Each sensor board can provide all its shunt and gain info Sensor board can be used in isolation, i.e., without a master profiler board A GUI interface for the serial data output by the profiler would be really nice... Addditional Information For more information on current measurements in general, see this tutorial series: A Current Sensing Tutorial--Part 1: Fundamentals | EE Times  A Current Sensing Tutorial-Part II: Devices | EE Times  A Current Sensing Tutorial--Part III: Accuracy | EE Times  A Current Sensing Tutorial-Part IV: Layout and Troubleshooting Guidelines | EE Times 
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Using a RAW NAND is more difficult compared to eMMC, but for lower capacity it is still cheaper. Even with the ONFI (Open NAND Flash Interface) you can face initialization issue you can find by measure performance. I will take example of a non-well supported flash, I have installed on my evaluation board (SABRE AI). I wanted to do a simple performance test, to check roughly the MB/s I can expected with this NAND. One of a simplest test is to use the dd command: root@imx6qdlsolo:~# time dd if=/dev/mtd4 of=/dev/null 851968+0 records in 851968+0 records out 436207616 bytes (436 MB, 416 MiB) copied, 131.8884 s, 3.3 MB/s ‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍ As my RAW was supposed to work in EDO Mode 5, I could expect more than 20MB/s. To check what was wrong, read you kernel startup log: Booting Linux on physical CPU 0x0 Linux version 4.1.15-2.0.0+gb63f3f5 (bamboo@yb6) (gcc version 5.3.0 (GCC) ) #1 SMP PREEMPT Fri Sep 16 15:02:15 CDT 2016 CPU: ARMv7 Processor [412fc09a] revision 10 (ARMv7), cr=10c53c7d CPU: PIPT / VIPT nonaliasing data cache, VIPT aliasing instruction cache Machine model: Freescale i.MX6 DualLite/Solo SABRE Automotive Board [...] Amd/Fujitsu Extended Query Table at 0x0040 Amd/Fujitsu Extended Query version 1.3. number of CFI chips: 1 nand: device found, Manufacturer ID: 0xc2, Chip ID: 0xdc nand: Macronix MX30LF4G18AC nand: 512 MiB, SLC, erase size: 128 KiB, page size: 2048, OOB size: 64 gpmi-nand 112000.gpmi-nand: mode:5 ,failed in set feature. Bad block table found at page 262080, version 0x01 Bad block table found at page 262016, version 0x01 nand_read_bbt: bad block at 0x00000a7e0000 nand_read_bbt: bad block at 0x00000dc80000 4 cmdlinepart partitions found on MTD device gpmi-nand Creating 4 MTD partitions on "gpmi-nand":‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍ On line 13 you can read "mode:5, failed in set feature", meaning you are not in mode 5... so you have the "relaxed" timing you have at boot. After debuging your code (I have just remove the NAND back reading security check), you can redo the test: root@imx6qdlsolo:~# time dd if=/dev/mtd4 of=/dev/null 851968+0 records in 851968+0 records out 436207616 bytes (436 MB, 416 MiB) copied, 32.9721 s, 13.2 MB/s‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍ So you multiplied the performances by 4! Anyway, you have a better tool to measure your NAND performance, it is mtd_speedtest, but you have to rebuild your kernel. In Yocto, reconfigure your kernel (on your PC of couse!): bitbake virtual/kernel -c menuconfig‍‍‍ Choose in the menu "Device Drivers" -> "Memory Technology Device (MTD) support" -> "MTD tests support", even it it not recommended! bitbake virtual/kernel -f -c compile bitbake virtual/kernel -f -c build bitbake virtual/kernel -f -c deploy‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍ Then reflash you board (kernel + rootfs as tests are .ko files): Then you can do more accurate performance test: insmod /lib/modules/4.1.29-fslc+g59b38c3/kernel/drivers/mtd/tests/mtd_speedtest.ko dev=2 ================================================= mtd_speedtest: MTD device: 2 mtd_speedtest: MTD device size 16777216, eraseblock size 131072, page size 2048, count of eraseblocks 128, pages per eraseblock 64, OOB size 64 mtd_test: scanning for bad eraseblocks mtd_test: scanned 128 eraseblocks, 0 are bad mtd_speedtest: testing eraseblock write speed mtd_speedtest: eraseblock write speed is 4537 KiB/s mtd_speedtest: testing eraseblock read speed mtd_speedtest: eraseblock read speed is 16384 KiB/s mtd_speedtest: testing page write speed mtd_speedtest: page write speed is 4250 KiB/s mtd_speedtest: testing page read speed mtd_speedtest: page read speed is 15784 KiB/s mtd_speedtest: testing 2 page write speed mtd_speedtest: 2 page write speed is 4426 KiB/s mtd_speedtest: testing 2 page read speed mtd_speedtest: 2 page read speed is 16047 KiB/s mtd_speedtest: Testing erase speed mtd_speedtest: erase speed is 244537 KiB/s mtd_speedtest: Testing 2x multi-block erase speed mtd_speedtest: 2x multi-block erase speed is 252061 KiB/s mtd_speedtest: Testing 4x multi-block erase speed mtd_speedtest: 4x multi-block erase speed is 256000 KiB/s mtd_speedtest: Testing 8x multi-block erase speed mtd_speedtest: 8x multi-block erase speed is 260063 KiB/s mtd_speedtest: Testing 16x multi-block erase speed mtd_speedtest: 16x multi-block erase speed is 260063 KiB/s mtd_speedtest: Testing 32x multi-block erase speed mtd_speedtest: 32x multi-block erase speed is 256000 KiB/s mtd_speedtest: Testing 64x multi-block erase speed mtd_speedtest: 64x multi-block erase speed is 260063 KiB/s mtd_speedtest: finished =================================================‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍ You can now achieve almost 16MB/s, better than the dd test. Of course you cannot achieve more than 20MB/s, but you are not that far, and the NAND driver need optimizations. To redo the test: rmmod /lib/modules/4.1.29-fslc+g59b38c3/kernel/drivers/mtd/tests/mtd_speedtest.ko insmod /lib/modules/4.1.29-fslc+g59b38c3/kernel/drivers/mtd/tests/mtd_speedtest.ko dev=2 To check your NAND is in EDO mode 5, you can check your clock tree: /unit_tests/dump-clocks.sh clock          parent   flags    en_cnt pre_cnt      rate [...] gpmi_bch_apb   ---      00000005   0       0       198000000 gpmi_bch       ---      00000005   0       0       198000000 gpmi_io        ---      00000005   0       0        99000000 gpmi_apb       ---      00000005   0       0       198000000‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍ The IO are clocked now at 99MHz, thus you can read at 49.5MHz (20ns in EDO mode 5 definition).
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NOTE: Always de-power the target board and the aggregator when plugging or unplugging smart sensors from the aggregator. NOTE: See this link to instrument a board with a Smart Sensor. This page documents the triple-range "smart" current sensor that's part of a larger system for profiling power on application boards. The smart sensor features a Kinetis KL05Z with three current sense amplifiers. It allows measurement currents in three ranges. Four assembly options allow measurement of rail voltages 0-3.3V (two overall current ranges), 0-6.6V, and 12V. It connects to an aggregator, which powers, controls and aggregates data from a number of smart sensor boards. One of the biggest improvements over the older dual-range measurement system is that the on-sensor microcontroller allows near-simultaneous measurement of all instrumented rails on a board. The dual range profiler can only make one measurement at a time.  These are intended to be used with a microncontroller board to act as a trigger and data aggregator. This aggregator could also be used to reprogram the sensors.  The series resistance added by the smart sensor when in run mode (highest current range) is under 11 milliOhms as measured with 4-point probes and a Keysight B2902B SMU.  A "power oscilloscope" can be made by triggering measurements at regular intervals and presenting the results graphically.... Schematic: Board Layout, Top: Board Layout, Bottom: Here's a photo of two with a nickel is included to show scale. The board measures about 0.5 by 1.3 inches. Connections: The smart sensor header connections are: 5V: powers the 3.3V regulator, which in turn powers everything else on the sensor board 12V: all the gates of all the switching FETs are pulled pulled up to 12V GND: ground connection SCL/TX: I2C clock line  SDA/RX: I2C data line  SWD_CLK:  line for triggering smart sensors to make measurements RESET_B:  line for resetting the smart sensor board SWD_IO: select line for the smart sensor Theory of operation: Three shunts and current sense amplifiers are used to measure current in three ranges. One shunt/sense amp pair has a 0.002Ω shunt integrated into the IC package (U1, INA250). The other two sense amps (U2 and U3, INA212) require an external shunt.  FETs Q1, Q2,  and Q3 are used to switch the two lower range shunt/sense amp pairs in and out of circuit. In normal run operation (highest current range), Q1 (FDMC012N03, with Rds(on) under 1.5mΩ) is turned on, which shorts leaves only U1 in circuit. FETs Q4, Q5 and Q6 translate the voltages to 3.3V so that GPIO on U4 (MCU KL05Z) can control them.  Rail voltage measurement is facilitated via resistors R3, R4, and R12 and Q7. Not all of these are populated in every assembly option. For measuring rail voltages 0-3.3V, R12 is populated. To measure 0-6.6V, R3, R4,and Q7 are populated. When turned on Q7 enables the voltage divider. All of the assembly option population info can be found in the schematic (attached). Regulator U5 (AP2210N) provides the 3.3V supply for all of the components on the board. This 1% tolerance regulator is used to provide a good reference for the ADC in U4.  Microcontroller U4 detects the assembly population option of the board via resistors R9, R10, and R11 so that the same application code can be used across all variations of the sensor boards. GPIO control the FETs and four ADC channels are used to measure the sense amplifier outputs and the rail voltage. Having a microcontroller on the sensor board allows the user to do extra credit things like count coulombs as well as allowing all similarly instrumented rails to measure at the same time via trigger line SWD_CLK. Data communication can be via I2C or UART, since these two pins can do both.  But if multiple sensor boards are to be used with an aggregator, communication needs to be over I2C. Application Code: The latest application code for the KL05Z on the smart sensor resides here: https://os.mbed.com/users/r14793/code/30847-SMRTSNSR-KL05Z/. The latest binary is attached below. In order to re-flash a smart sensor, the modification detailed in the aggregator page needs to be made. Once the modification is completed, leave the aggregator unpowered while pluging the SWD debugger into J5 and the smart sensor to be programmed into JP15. Very old UART-based application code for the KL05Z, built in the on-line MBED compiler (note that it requires the modified mbed library for internal oscillator). This code was used while testing the first smart sensor prototypes. It has since been abandoned. It's published here in the event that a user wants to use a single sensor plugged into JP15 with UART breakout connector J6. /****************************************************************************** * * MIT License (https://spdx.org/licenses/MIT.html) * Copyright 2017-2018 NXP * * MBED code for KL05Z-based "smart" current sensor board, basic testing * of functions via UART (connected via FRDM board and OpenSDA USB virtual * COM port). * * Eventual goal is to have each smart sensor communicate over I2C to an * aggregator board (FRDM board with a custom shield), allowing 1-10 power * supply rails to be instrumented. Extra credit effort is to support * sensors and aggregator with sigrok... * * Because there is no crystal on the board, need to edit source mbed-dev library * to use internal oscillator with pound-define: * change to "#define CLOCK_SETUP 0" in file: * mbed-dev/targets/TARGET_Freescale/TARGET_KLXX/TARGET_KL05Z/device/system_MKL05Z4.c * ******************************************************************************/ #include "mbed.h" // These will be GPIO for programming I2C address... // not yet implemented, using as test pins... DigitalOut addr0(PTA3); DigitalOut addr1(PTA4); DigitalOut addr2(PTA5); DigitalOut addr3(PTA6); // configure pins for measurements... // analog inputs from sense amps and rail voltage divider... AnalogIn HIGH_ADC(PTB10); AnalogIn VRAIL_ADC(PTB11); AnalogIn LOW1_ADC(PTA9); AnalogIn LOW2_ADC(PTA8); // outputs which control switching FETs... DigitalOut VRAIL_MEAS(PTA7); // turns on Q7, connecting voltage divider DigitalOut LOW_ENABLE(PTB0); // turns on Q4, turning off Q1, enabling low measurement DigitalOut LOW1(PTB2); // turns on Q5, turning off Q2, disconnecting shunt R1 DigitalOut LOW2(PTB1); // turns on Q6, turning off Q3, disconnecting shunt R2 // input used for triggering measurement... // will eventually need to be set up as an interrupt so it minimizes delay before measurement InterruptIn trigger(PTA0); // use as a trigger to make measurement... // PTB3/4 can be used as UART or I2C... // For easier development with one smart sensor, we are using UART here... Serial uart(PTB3, PTB4); // tx, rx long int count=0; int n=25; // global number of averages for each measurement int i, temp; bool repeat=true; // flag indicating whether measurements should repeat or not const float vref = 3.3; // set vref for use in calculations... float delay=0.25; // default delay between measurement bool gui = false; // flag for controlling human vs machine readable output bool statistics = false;// flag for outputting min and max along with average (GUI mode only) void enableHighRange(){ LOW_ENABLE = 0; // short both low current shunts, close Q1 wait_us(5); // delay for FET to settle... (make before break) LOW1 = 0; LOW2 = 0; // connect both shunts to make lower series resistance VRAIL_MEAS = 0; // disconnect rail voltage divider wait_us(250); // wait for B2902A settling... } void enableLow1Range(){ LOW1 = 0; LOW2 = 1; // disconnect LOW2 shunt so LOW1 can measure wait_us(5); // delay for FET to settle... (make before break) LOW_ENABLE = 1; // unshort low current shunts, open Q1 VRAIL_MEAS = 0; // disconnect rail voltage divider wait_us(250); // wait for B2902A settling... } void enableLow2Range(){ LOW1 = 1; LOW2 = 0; // disconnect LOW1 shunt so LOW2 can measure wait_us(5); // delay for FET to settle... (make before break) LOW_ENABLE = 1; // unshort low current shunts, open Q1 VRAIL_MEAS = 0; // disconnect rail voltage divider wait_us(500); // wait for B2902A settling... } void enableRailV(){ VRAIL_MEAS = 1; // turn on Q7, to enable R3-R4 voltage divider wait_us(125); // wait for divider to settle... // Compensation cap can be used to make // voltage at ADC a "square wave" but it is // rail voltage and FET dependent. Cap will // need tuning if this wait time is to be // removed/reduced. // // So, as it turns out, this settling time and // compensation capacitance are voltage dependent // because of the depletion region changes in the // FET. Reminiscent of grad school and DLTS. // Gotta love device physics... } void disableRailV(){ VRAIL_MEAS = 0; // turn off Q7, disabling R3-R4 voltage divider } // this function measures current, autoranging as necessary // to get the best measurement... void measureAuto(){ Timer t; float itemp; float tempI=0; float imin = 1.0; // used to keep track of the minimum... float imax = 0; // used to keep track of the maximum... t.start(); // use timer to see how long things take... enableHighRange(); // this should already be the case, but do it anyway... for (i = 0; i < n; i++){ itemp = HIGH_ADC; // read HIGH range sense amp output if (statistics && itemp>imax) imax = itemp; // update max if necessary if (statistics && itemp<imin) imin = itemp; // update min if necessary tempI += itemp; // add current sample to running sum } tempI = tempI/n *vref/0.8; // compute average we just took... if (gui) uart.printf("=> %5.3f ", tempI); if (statistics && gui) uart.printf("[%5.3f/%5.3f] ", imin*vref/0.8, imax*vref/0.8); // if current is below this threshold, use LOW1 to measure... if (tempI < 0.060) { if (!gui) uart.printf("... too Low: %f A, switching to low1 ==>\r\n", tempI); tempI=0; enableLow1Range(); // change FETs to enable LOW1 measurement... imin = 1.0; imax = 0; for (i = 0; i < n; i++){ itemp = LOW1_ADC; // read LOW1 sense amp output if (statistics && itemp>imax) imax = itemp; // update max if necessary if (statistics && itemp<imin) imin = itemp; // update min if necessary tempI += itemp; // add current sample to running sum } tempI = tempI/n *vref/0.05/1000; // compute average we just took... if (gui) uart.printf("%6.4f ", tempI); if (statistics && gui) uart.printf("[%6.4f/%6.4f] ", imin*vref/0.05/1000, imax*vref/0.05/1000); // if current is below this threshold, use LOW2 to measure... if (tempI < 0.0009){ if (!gui) uart.printf("... too Low: %f A, switching to low2 ==>\r\n", tempI); tempI=0; enableLow2Range(); // change FETs to enable LOW1 measurement... imin = 1.0; imax = 0; for (i = 0; i < n; i++){ itemp = LOW2_ADC; // read LOW2 sense amp output if (statistics && itemp>imax) imax = itemp; // update max if necessary if (statistics && itemp<imin) imin = itemp; // update min if necessary tempI += itemp; // add current sample to running sum } tempI = tempI/n *vref/2/1000; // compute average we just took... if (gui) uart.printf("%8.6f ", tempI); if (statistics && gui) uart.printf("[%8.6f/%8.6f] ", imin*vref/2/1000, imax*vref/2/1000); } } t.stop(); // stop the timer to see how long it took do do this... enableHighRange(); if (!gui) uart.printf("\r\nCurrent = %f A Current Measure Time = %f sec\r\n", tempI, t.read()); } // the autoranging should really be done with functions that return values, as should the // functions below... This would make for shorter and more elegant code, but the author // is a bit of a pasta programmer... void measureHigh(){ float highI=0; enableHighRange(); for (i = 0; i < n; i++){ highI += HIGH_ADC; } highI = highI/n; uart.printf("HIghI = %f A\r\n", vref*highI/0.8); } void measureLow1(){ float low1I=0; enableLow1Range(); for (i = 0; i < n; i++){ low1I += LOW1_ADC; } enableHighRange(); low1I = low1I/n; uart.printf("low1I = %f A\r\n", vref*low1I/0.05/1000); } void measureLow2(){ float low2I=0; enableLow2Range(); for (i = 0; i < n; i++){ low2I += LOW2_ADC; } enableHighRange(); low2I = low2I/n; uart.printf("low2I = %f A\r\n", vref*low2I/2/1000); } // measure the rail voltage, default being with // a divide by 2 resistor divider // It has to be switched out when not in use or it will // add to the measured current, at least in the low ranges... void measureRailV(){ float railv=0; float mult = vref*2; // since divide by 2, we can measure up to 6.6V... float vmin = 5; float vmax = 0; float vtemp; enableRailV(); // switch FETs so divider is connected... for (i = 0; i < n; i++){ vtemp = VRAIL_ADC; // read voltage at divider output... if (statistics && vtemp>vmax) vmax = vtemp; // update max if necessary if (statistics && vtemp<vmin) vmin = vtemp; // update min if necessary railv += vtemp; // add current sample to running sum } disableRailV(); // now disconnect the voltage divider railv = railv/n; // compute average (note this is in normalized ADC [0..1]) // Convert to voltage by multiplying by "mult" if (!gui) uart.printf("RailV = %5.3f V ", mult*railv); if (gui) uart.printf("%5.3f ", mult*railv); if (statistics && gui) uart.printf("[%5.3f/%5.3f] ", mult*vmin, mult*vmax); uart.printf("\r\n"); } // not sure how useful this function is... void measureAll(){ measureHigh(); measureLow1(); measureLow2(); measureRailV(); } // test function to see if trigger pin is being hit... // intended for use later to do timed triggering of measurements... void triggerIn(){ uart.printf("You're triggering me! \r\n"); measureAll(); } // main... int main() { // set up basic conditions... Timer m; uart.baud(115200); enableHighRange(); // default state - only HIGH sense amp in circuit, no divider // signal that we're alive... uart.printf("Hello World!\r\n"); // configure the trigger interrupt... trigger.rise(&triggerIn); while (true) { count++; wait(delay); if (repeat){ // if repeat flag is set, keep making measurements... m.reset(); // reset and start timer... m.start(); measureAuto(); // measuring current using auto-ranging... measureRailV(); // measure rail voltage... m.stop(); // stop the timer. if (!gui) uart.printf(" Total Measure Time = %f sec", m.read()); if (!gui) uart.printf("\r\n\r\n"); } // see if there are any characters in the receive buffer... // this is how we change things on the fly... // Commands (single keystroke... it's easier) // t = one shot automeasure // v = measure volt // h = one shot high measure // k = one shot LOW1 measure // l = one shot LOW2 measure (letter l) // r = toggle repeat // R = turn off repeat // + = faster repeat rate // - = slower repeat rate // = = set repeat rate to 0.25 sec // g = use human readable text output // G = use compressed text format for GUI // s = turn statistics output off // S = turn statistics output on (only in GUI mode) // n = decrease number of averages for each measurement // N = increase number of averages for each measurement // // these were for testing FET switching... // 1 = LOW_ENABLE = 0 (the number 1) // 2 = LOW1 = 0 // 3 = LOW2 = 0 // 4 = VRAIL_MEAS = 0 // ! = LOW_ENABLE = 1 // @ = LOW1 = 1 // # = LOW2 = 1 // $ = VRAIL_MEAS = 1 if (uart.readable()){ temp = uart.getc(); if (temp==(int) 't') { if (!gui) uart.printf("Keyboard trigger: "); measureAuto(); measureRailV(); //measureAll(); } if (temp==(int) 'v') { uart.printf("Keyboard trigger: "); measureRailV(); } if (temp==(int) 'h') { uart.printf("Keyboard trigger: "); measureHigh(); } if (temp==(int) 'k') { uart.printf("Keyboard trigger: "); measureLow1(); } if (temp==(int) 'l') { uart.printf("Keyboard trigger: "); measureLow2(); } if (temp==(int) '1') { LOW_ENABLE = 0; uart.printf("Keyboard trigger: LowEnable = %d\r\n", 0); } if (temp==(int) '2') { LOW1 = 0; uart.printf("Keyboard trigger: LOW1 = %d\r\n", 0); } if (temp==(int) '3') { LOW2 = 0; uart.printf("Keyboard trigger: LOW2 = %d\r\n", 0); } if (temp==(int) '4') { VRAIL_MEAS = 0; uart.printf("Keyboard trigger: VRAILMEAS = %d\r\n", 0); } if (temp==(int) '!') { LOW_ENABLE = 1; uart.printf("Keyboard trigger: LowEnable = %d\r\n", 1); } if (temp==(int) '@') { LOW1 = 1; uart.printf("Keyboard trigger: LOW1 = %d\r\n", 1); } if (temp==(int) '#') { LOW2 = 1; uart.printf("Keyboard trigger: LOW2 = %d\r\n", 1); } if (temp==(int) '$') { VRAIL_MEAS = 1; uart.printf("Keyboard trigger: VRAILMEAS = %d\r\n", 1); } if (temp==(int) 'r') { repeat = !repeat; uart.printf("Keyboard trigger: repeat toggle: %s \r\n", repeat ? "true" : "false"); } if (temp==(int) 'R') repeat = false; if (temp==(int) '+') { delay -= 0.05; if (delay<0.05) delay = 0.05; } if (temp==(int) '-') { delay += 0.05; if (delay>1) delay = 1; } if (temp==(int) '=') delay = 0.25; if (temp==(int) 'g') gui = false; if (temp==(int) 'G') gui = true; if (temp==(int) 's') statistics = false; if (temp==(int) 'S') statistics = true; if (temp==(int) 'n') { n -= 25; if (n<25) n = 25; } if (temp==(int) 'N') { n += 25; if (n>1000) n = 1000; } if (temp==(int) 'N' || temp==(int) 'n') uart.printf("/r/n/r/n Averages = %d \r\n\r\b", n); } } 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[中文翻译版] 见附件   原文链接: https://community.nxp.com/docs/DOC-344336 
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[中文翻译版] 见附件   原文链接: https://community.nxp.com/docs/DOC-342877 
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[中文翻译版] 见附件   原文链接: https://community.nxp.com/docs/DOC-342833 
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L5.4.3_1.0.0 release is now available on IMX_SW landing page: BSP Updates and Releases -> Linux ->Linux L5.4.3_1.0.0. Documentation -> Linux -> Linux 5.4.3_1.0.0 Documentation Files available: # Name Description 1 imx-yocto-LF_L5.4.3_1.0.0.zip i.MX L5.4.3_1.0.0 for Linux BSP Documentation. Includes Release Notes, User Guide. 2 LF_v5.4.y-1.0.0_images_MX6QPDLSOLOX.zip i.MX 6QuadPlus, i.MX 6Quad, i.MX 6DualLite, i.MX 6Solox Linux Binary Demo Files 3 LF_v5.4.y-1.0.0_images_MX6SLLEVK.zip i.MX 6SLL EVK Linux Binary Demo Files 4 LF_v5.4.y-1.0.0_images_MX6UL7D.zip i.MX 6UltraLite EVK, 7Dual SABRESD, 6ULL EVK Linux Binary Demo Files 5 LF_v5.4.y-1.0.0_images_MX7ULPEVK.zip i.MX 7ULP EVK Linux Binary Demo Files  6 LF_v5.4.y-1.0.0_images_MX8MMEVK.zip i.MX 8M Mini EVK Linux Binary Demo Files  7 LF_v5.4.y-1.0.0_images_MX8MNEVK.zip i.MX 8M Nano EVK Linux Binary Demo Files  8 LF_v5.4.y-1.0.0_images_MX8MQEVK.zip i.MX 8M Quad EVK Linux Binary Demo files 9 LF_v5.4.y-1.0.0_images_MX8QMMEK.zip i.MX 8QMax MEK Linux Binary Demo files 10 LF_v5.4.y-1.0.0_images_MX8QXPMEK.zip i.MX 8QXPlus MEK Linux Binary Demo files 11 imx-scfw-porting-kit-1.2.10.1.tar.gz System Controller Firmware (SCFW) porting kit v1.2.10.1 for L5.4.3_1.0.0   Target board: MX 8 Series MX 8QuadXPlus MEK Board MX 8QuadMax MEK Board MX 8M Quad EVK Board MX 8M Mini EVK Board MX 8M Nano EVK Board MX 7 Series MX 7Dual SABRE-SD Board MX 7ULP EVK Board MX 6 Series MX 6QuadPlus SABRE-SD and SABRE-AI Boards MX 6Quad SABRE-SD and SABRE-AI Boards MX 6DualLite SDP SABRE-SD and SABRE-AI Boards MX 6SoloX SABRE-SD MX 6UltraLite EVK Board MX 6ULL EVK Board MX 6ULZ EVK Board MX 6SLL EVK Board   What’s New/Features: Please consult the Release Notes.   Known Issues: For known issues and more details please consult the Release Notes.   More information on changes of Yocto, see: README: https://source.codeaurora.org/external/imx/imx-manifest/tree/README?h=imx-linux-zeus ChangeLog: https://source.codeaurora.org/external/imx/imx-manifest/tree/ChangeLog?h=imx-linux-zeus      
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[中文翻译版] 见附件   原文链接: i.MX Create Android SDCard Mirror 
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[中文翻译版] 见附件   原文链接: https://community.nxp.com/docs/DOC-343079 
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[中文翻译版] 见附件   原文链接: https://community.nxp.com/docs/DOC-343116 
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[中文翻译版] 见附件   原文链接: Guide to flash an eMMC from SD Card on i.MX6Q SABRE-SD 
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[中文翻译版] 见附件   原文链接: https://community.nxp.com/docs/DOC-343344 
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[中文翻译版] 见附件   原文链接: https://community.nxp.com/docs/DOC-343372 
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[中文翻译版] 见附件   原文链接: https://community.nxp.com/docs/DOC-343273 
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[中文翻译版] 见附件   原文链接: https://community.nxp.com/docs/DOC-343518 
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[中文翻译版] 见附件   原文链接: https://community.nxp.com/docs/DOC-343761 
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         This document will describe how to add open JDK to i.MX yocto BSP. It will take two versions of Linux BSP as an example, one is the lower version of L4.1.15-2.0.0, the other is the latest version of L4.19.35-1.1.0. Adding openjdk-8 to L4.1.15-2.0.0(Ubuntu 16.04 LTS platform) Before adding an open JDK, you must download L4.1.15-2.0.0 BSP according to the i.MX_Yocto_Project_User's_Guide.pdf, and ensure that it can pass the compilation normally, that is to say, there is no error in the compilation. In this example, BSP is compiled using the following command. # DISTRO=fsl-imx-wayland MACHINE=imx6sxsabresd source fsl-setup-release.sh -b build-wayland # bitbake fsl-image-qt5          Then follow the steps below to add openjdk to the yocto layer:   Fetching openjdk-8 from Yocto website # cd ~/imx-release-bsp # cd sources # git clone git://git.yoctoproject.org/meta-java # cd meta-java # git checkout -b krogoth origin/krogoth  [Comment]    Yocto’s version is described in i.MX_Yocto_Project_User's_Guide.pdf 2. Modifying related configurations (1) build-wayland/conf/local.conf Add following lines to the file: # Possible provider: cacao-initial-native and jamvm-initial-native PREFERRED_PROVIDER_virtual/java-initial-native = "cacao-initial-native" # Possible provider: cacao-native and jamvm-native PREFERRED_PROVIDER_virtual/java-native = "cacao-native" # Optional since there is only one provider for now PREFERRED_PROVIDER_virtual/javac-native = "ecj-bootstrap-native" IMAGE_INSTALL_append = " openjdk-8" Save it and exit (2)build-wayland/conf/bblayers.conf Add java layer to the file, like below: BBLAYERS = " \   ${BSPDIR}/sources/poky/meta \   ${BSPDIR}/sources/poky/meta-poky \   \   ${BSPDIR}/sources/meta-openembedded/meta-oe \   ${BSPDIR}/sources/meta-openembedded/meta-multimedia \   \   ${BSPDIR}/sources/meta-fsl-arm \   ${BSPDIR}/sources/meta-fsl-arm-extra \   ${BSPDIR}/sources/meta-fsl-demos \   ${BSPDIR}/sources/meta-java \ "…… Save it and exit. 3. Build openjdk-8 # cd ~/imx-release-bsp # source setup-environment build-wayland #bitbake openjdk-8 -c fetchall          Fetch all packages related to openjdk-8. [error handling]          During downloading packages, you may encounter errors like the following. (1)Fetch fastjar-0.98.tar.gz errors          The error is caused by invalid web address, we can download it from another link, see below: http://savannah.c3sl.ufpr.br/fastjar/fastjar-0.98.tar.gz copy the link to firefox in Ubuntu platform, and it will be downloaded into ~/Downloads # cd ~/imx-release-bsp/downloads # cp ~/Downloads/ fastjar-0.98.tar.gz ./ # touch fastjar-0.98.tar.gz.done   (2)Fetch “classpath-0.93.tar.gz” error          Download it from : http://mirror.nbtelecom.com.br/gnu/classpath/classpath-0.93.tar.gz And copy it to ~/imx-release-bsp/downloads, and create a file named classpath-0.93.tar.gz.done in the directory. # cd ~/imx-release-bsp/downloads # cp ~/Downloads/ classpath-0.93.tar.gz ./ # touch classpath-0.93.tar.gz.done (3) 8 files with tar.bz2 (hotspot-Java jvm)          These similar errors are very likely to be encountered.          These errors are caused by the bad network environment. You can download these packages manually. These are Java virtual machine source packages, i.e. hotspot JVM [Solution] # mkdir ~/temp # cd temp # wget http://www.multitech.net/mlinux/sources/56b133772ec1.tar.bz2 # wget http://www.multitech.net/mlinux/sources/ac29c9c1193a.tar.bz2 # wget http://www.multitech.net/mlinux/sources/1f032000ff4b.tar.bz2 # wget http://www.multitech.net/mlinux/sources/81f2d81a48d7.tar.bz2 # wget http://www.multitech.net/mlinux/sources/0549bf2f507d.tar.bz2 # wget http://www.multitech.net/mlinux/sources/0948e61a3722.tar.bz2 # wget http://www.multitech.net/mlinux/sources/48c99b423839.tar.bz2 # wget http://www.multitech.net/mlinux/sources/bf0932d3e0f8.tar.bz2          Then create .tar.bz2.done files for each package via touch command   # touch 56b133772ec1.tar.bz2.done # touch ac29c9c1193a.tar.bz2.done # touch 1f032000ff4b.tar.bz2.done # touch 81f2d81a48d7.tar.bz2.done # touch 0549bf2f507d.tar.bz2.done # touch 0948e61a3722.tar.bz2.done # touch 48c99b423839.tar.bz2.done # touch bf0932d3e0f8.tar.bz2.done          Like below:          Then copy these files to ~/ fsl-release-bsp/downloads/ # bitbake openjdk-8 -c compile          After openjdk compilation, you will be prompted as follows:          At last , install openjdk-8 to images # bitbake fsl-image-qt5          Done: [Additional description]          The above method of adding openjdk-8 is the steps after BSP compilation. Users can also add openjdk-8 before BSP compilation, and then compile it with BSP          According to steps in i.MX_Yocto_Project_User's_Guide.pdf, After running the following two commands, users can modify bblayers.conf and local.conf directly.          For example, steps below have been validated: … … # repo sync # cd ~/fsl-release-bsp # DISTRO=fsl-imx-x11 MACHINE=imx6qsabresd source fsl-setup-release.sh -b build-x11 # gedit ./conf/bblayers.conf          Add the same contents as above. # gedit ./conf/local.conf          Add the same contents as above. # bitbake fsl-image-gui          During compilation, users may encounter some errors, which can be handled by referring to the methods described above Adding openjdk-8 to L4.19.35-1.1.0(Ubuntu 18.04 LTS Platform) In fact, the steps to add openjdk-8 to l4.19.35 are the same as those described above, and the following steps have been verified. Before adding openjdk-8, i.mx8qxp full image has been compiled with 2 commands below, so we only need to add openjdk-8 here. # DISTRO=fsl-imx-xwayland MACHINE=imx8qxpmek source fsl-setup-release.sh -b build-xwayland # bitbake imx-image-full # cd sources # git clone git://git.yoctoproject.org/meta-java # cd meta-java # git checkout -b warrior origin/warrior          Release L4.19.35_1.1.0 is released for Yocto Project 2.7 (Warrior). # cd ~/imx-release-bsp-l4.19.35 # source setup-environment build-xwayland-imx8qxpmek # gedit ./conf/bblayers.conf          Add meta-java to it.          ……            ${BSPDIR}/sources/meta-java \          ……          Save and exit. # gedit ./conf/local.conf          Add these lines to it.          # Possible provider: cacao-initial-native and jamvm-initial-native PREFERRED_PROVIDER_virtual/java-initial-native = "cacao-initial-native" # Possible provider: cacao-native and jamvm-native PREFERRED_PROVIDER_virtual/java-native = "cacao-native" # Optional since there is only one provider for now PREFERRED_PROVIDER_virtual/javac-native = "ecj-bootstrap-native" IMAGE_INSTALL_append = " openjdk-8" Save and exit.   # cd ~/imx-release-bsp-l4.19.35/build-xwayland-imx8qxpmek # bitbake openjdk-8 -c fetch # bitbake openjdk-8 -c compile [Errors] [Solution] # gedit ./ tmp/work/x86_64-linux/openjdk-8-native/172b11-r0/jdk8u-33d274a7dda0/hotspot/make/linux/Makefile Comment the following lines: ----------------------------------------- check_os_version: #ifeq ($(DISABLE_HOTSPOT_OS_VERSION_CHECK)$(EMPTY_IF_NOT_SUPPORTED),) #       $(QUIETLY) >&2 echo "*** This OS is not supported:" `uname -a`; exit 1; #endif -----------------------------------------          Then continue # cd ~/imx-release-bsp-l4.19.35/build-xwayland-imx8qxpmek # bitbake openjdk-8 -c compile [comment]          Probably similar errors will be encountered during compiling other packages, we can use the same way like above to solve it, see bellow, please! Done:          At last, install openjdk-8 to images. # bitbake imx-image-full          Installation is done. NXP TIC Team  Weidong Sun 12/31/2019
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