Multi Source Translation Content

cancel
Showing results for 
Show  only  | Search instead for 
Did you mean: 

Multi Source Translation Content

Discussions

Sort by:
What are industrial Ethernet protocols? Explanation of EtherCAT, PROFINET, and EtherNet/IP (Japanese blog) table of contents Introduction What is industrial Ethernet? Basic structure of industrial networks 1. EtherCAT (Ultra-high speed, low latency orientation) 2. Profinet (Flexibility/Interoperability) 3. Ethernet/IP (IT affinity/standardization) summary Introduction   Communication in industrial equipment is rapidly shifting from traditional fieldbuses to Ethernet-based systems. At the heart of this shift is the Industrial Ethernet protocol .   This article focuses on three widely used protocols and clearly explains the differences in their technical structure and design philosophy . EtherCAT PROFINET EtherNet/IP (※Evaluation and implementation methods will be explained in a separate article.) What is industrial Ethernet ?   In short, industrial Ethernet is a communication technology that enhances "real-time performance," "robustness," and "diagnostic capabilities" compared to general-purpose Ethernet. Standard Ethernet has the following challenges in industrial applications:   This is a best-effort communication method, and the delay varies depending on the load and switching processes. Frame loss (packet loss) may occur. TCP/UDP/IP is not designed for real-time control. To address these challenges, industrial Ethernet protocols employ unique approaches to achieve the following requirements:   Real-time communication Synchronization control Redundant configuration Diagnostic function   ■ Key points for understanding industrial Ethernet: OSI model   One of the key points in understanding industrial Ethernet is the perspective of "at which layer real-time performance is achieved," and the OSI reference model is helpful in understanding this. The OSI model is a framework that divides communication functions into seven layers, and each layer plays a different role, from the transmission of physical signals to application processing. Industrial Ethernet achieves real-time performance and reliability by using each of the OSI layers as a base and extending and optimizing specific layers for each protocol. OSI reference model in industrial Ethernet: hierarchy name The role of industrial Ethernet 7 application Contents of communication data (device control, status, settings) 6 presentation Data encoding, compression, and encryption 5 session Establishing, maintaining, and terminating communications 4 transport Communication quality control (TCP/UDP), data delivery assurance. 3 network Routing by IP address (determining packet destination) 2 Data Link Data delivery by MAC address, creation of Ethernet frames 1 physics Cables (Cat5e/6, etc.), connectors, and physical signal transmission. Layers used for each industrial Ethernet protocol: Characteristics of each Ethernet protocol: protocol hierarchy Features EtherCAT 2 High speed without using IP PROFINET RT/IRT is L2 NRT L3/4 Differentiated usage between RT and IRT. EtherNet/IP 3/4 Standard Ethernet based These differences in characteristics directly lead to the following: Speed (real-time performance) Implementation cost Applicable use   Basic structure of industrial networks   Industrial Ethernet generally shares a common basic structure regardless of the protocol, and the three protocols discussed in this article (EtherCAT, PROFINET, and EtherNet/IP) are no exception. ■ System and Device Structure   Industrial networks can be broadly divided into the "controller side" and the "device side."   Main device (controller): It plays a central role in controlling the entire network. Starting communication and setting connection parameters Sending output data and receiving input data Communication management and termination process Typical examples: PLCs, industrial PCs Sub-device (device): Respond to connection requests and send and receive necessary data. Receiving output data and transmitting input data Self-notification on the network Alarms sent as needed Typical examples: sensors, servos, actuators ■ Communication method: cyclic communication vs. aperiodic communication Once a connection is established, I/O data is continuously exchanged between the MainDevice and SubDevice at very short intervals. This communication is divided into "periodic communication" and "aperiodic communication" depending on the application. Cyclic communication (periodic communication) Application: For real-time control - Essential for applications requiring real-time performance, such as motor control and I/O control. Acyclic communication Uses: Configuration, diagnostics, and event management. - Used for reading and writing configuration data, diagnostic information, and notifications of unexpected events. ■Key concept supporting real-time performance: Synchronization ( Clock ) In industrial systems, it is extremely important that "all devices operate on the same time standard." For example, if multiple devices acquire data at different times, Δt₁, Δt₂, and Δt₃, as shown in the diagram below, the information received by the controller (PLC) will not be data from the same time, but rather "separate snapshots" that are staggered in time. the result: Occurrence of positional misalignment Incorrect control judgment In particular, critical synchronization errors in motion control This can lead to problems like these. Therefore, in Industrial Ethernet , a mechanism for synchronizing clocks between devices is a crucial element. Summary of the technical comparison of the three protocols   EtherCAT PROFINET EtherNet/IP Operating Organization Bechoff / ETG (EtherCAT Technology Group) Siemens / PNO (PROFIBUS & PROFINET International) Rockwell / OVDA (Open Device Net Vendors Association) Communication method Summary frame (SubDevice reads and writes data as it passes through the frame) Layer 2-based real-time communication (RT/IRT) CIP: Explicit (TCP) / Implicit (UDP) communication model Main use Motion control, ultra-high-speed control General-purpose FA, process control, and a wide range of industrial applications Factory automation, PLC networks, robots Cycle time ~31.25μs level (implementation dependent, very fast) RT: A few milliseconds IRT: 31.25μs (implementation-dependent, TSN/IRT) Generally, 10ms level (UDP-based) Synchronization method Distributed Clock (DC) IRT: Precision Synchronization (PTCP) CIP Sync (IEEE1588) Device Model PDO / SDO (CANopen over EtherCAT) Slot / Subslot (GSDML) Class / Instance / Attribute Object Model topology Line, tree, ring (low latency) Line, Star, Ring (MRP/MRPD) Line, Star, Ring (DLR) advantage In short, high speed and low latency / hardware processing. Various classes and diagnostic functions, high interoperability Widely used in standard Ethernet infrastructure, easy to understand. From here, we will explain the technical characteristics of each. 1. EtherCAT (Ultra-high speed, low latency-oriented) ■ EtherCAT Overview Developed by Beckhoff Automation, managed by ETG. It operates at Layer 2 and has no IP/TCP/UDP overhead. Cycle time: ~ 31.25 μs ( implementation dependent ) Synchronization accuracy: ±1μs or less ■ Network Configuration Main device (master) and  Multiple sub-devices (slaves) The sub-device is equipped with an ESC ( EtherCAT Slave Controller ) and uses dedicated hardware for high-speed processing. While a line configuration is the basic setup, it also supports redundant configurations using a ring structure. Figure: EtherCAT network configuration image The most distinctive feature of EtherCAT is "on-the-fly processing. " A single frame is processed as it passes through all devices, with each device reading and writing data during transit. Because processing is handled by dedicated hardware (ESC) without involving the CPU, it achieves extremely low latency.   Figure: EtherCAT network transfer image ■ Related protocol conversion: EtherCAT (IEC 61784-2-12) • CoE (CAN over EtherCAT): Enables CANopen communication to be used by tunneling it over an EtherCAT frame. • FoE (File over EtherCAT): A protocol for transferring files via EtherCAT. EoE (Ethernet over EtherCAT): A mechanism for encapsulating and transmitting regular Ethernet frames (such as TCP/IP ). Figure: EoE protocol conversion by master device (MDevice) 2. PROFINET (Flexibility/Interoperability) ■ PROFINET Overview Developed by Siemens, managed by PNO. Standard Ethernet based Use RT/IRT/NRT depending on the application. Producer/Consumer Model ■ Network Configuration Flexible support for various topologies such as line, star, and mixed configurations. It also supports ring redundancy via MRP ( Media Redundancy Protocol ) / MRPD (IRT) . PROFINET 's communication performance is classified by " Conformance Class ( CC )". CC-A : Basic real-time, all IT services (e.g., TCP/IP ) can be used without restrictions. CC-B : Adds network diagnostics and other features to the general FA 's RT . CC-C ( IRT 😞 Motion applications in the 31.25 μs class ■ Communication type NRT: Record Read/Write: Sends and receives parameters and settings aperiodicly. Alarms: Notifies of abnormalities from the device. RT: Periodic I/O communication, generally 1ms IRT (Isochronous): Time-synchronized high-speed periodic communication , typically 31.25us. → Achieves high flexibility, detailed diagnostics, and high interoperability. 3. EtherNet/IP ( IT compatibility/standardization) ■ EtherNet/IP Overview EtherNet/IP is managed by ODVA (Open DeviceNet Vendors Association). It adopts CIP (Common Industrial Protocol), which operates at a layer above TCP/UDP/IP (L3/L4). Object-Oriented Model ■ Network Configuration Supports line, star, and ring topologies. Supports high-speed redundancy using DLR ( Device Level Ring ). Main device → Scanner : Functions as a controller and typically initiates requests. Subdevice → Adapter : The device that responds to that request. ■ EtherNet/IP's key feature: "Object-Oriented Model" Each device is defined as a collection of objects consisting of " Class ," " Instance ," " Attribute ," and " Service ." Class : Type of function (e.g., Identity , Assembly ) Instance : A specific instance of that class. Attribute : The specific value that each instance possesses. Service : Operation details such as reading and writing. This results in a very clear structure for the device's functions, enabling high compatibility across manufacturers. ■ Communication type Explicit Messaging Connection Uses TCP , reads and writes configuration values, performs self-diagnosis, and logs. Give instructions such as "Read" and "Write" once each. Implicit Messaging- I/O Connection Using UDP , it enables real-time communication such as cycle I/O , with the scanner sending and receiving I/O data at regular intervals.   The key feature of EtherNet/IP is its ability to enable high-speed I/O communication using implicit ( UDP ) protocols. summary Industrial Ethernet is not just a communication tool; it's a system technology that enables real-time control . The three protocols introduced here each achieve this through a different approach. protocol design philosophy Main uses EtherCAT High speed, low latency Motion control PROFINET Flexibility and Integration General-purpose factory automation (FA) EtherNet/IP IT integration PLC Network   As a future trend, industrial networks will move in the following direction. TSN ( Time Sensitive Networking ) Security (including CRA compliance) Integration with OPC UA In other words, the key lies in the fusion of "real-time × IT integration × security" . Next time, Why is the i.MX RT1180 suitable for industrial Ethernet protocols? Actual implementation and evaluation procedures We will explain this in detail. ============================= We are currently unable to respond to comments left in the " Comment " section of this post . We apologize for the inconvenience, but please refer to " Technical Questions to NXP - How to Contact Us( Japanese Blog) " when making inquiries.(If you are already an NXP distributor or have a relationship with NXP, you may ask your representative directly.) Communication in industrial equipment is rapidly shifting from traditional fieldbuses to Ethernet-based systems. At the heart of this shift is the Industrial Ethernet protocol . This article focuses on three widely used protocols and clearly explains the differences in their technical structure and design philosophy . EtherCAT PROFINET EtherNet/IP (※Evaluation and implementation methods will be explained in a separate article.)   This article will cover the three major protocols that dominate industrial Ethernet: EtherCAT, PROFINET, and EtherNet/IP, and provide a clear explanation of the differences in their technical structures and design philosophies.   (Reading time: 15 minutes) i.MX RT Processors Introduction Japanese Blog
View full article
什么是工业以太网协议?EtherCAT、PROFINET 和 EtherNet/IP 详解(日语博客) 目录 介绍 什么是工业以太网? 工业网络的基本结构 1. EtherCAT(超高速、低延迟方向) 2. Profinet(灵活性/互操作性) 3. 以太网/IP(IT 亲和性/标准化) 总结 介绍   工业设备通信正迅速从传统的现场总线转向基于以太网的系统。而这一转变的核心正是工业以太网协议。   本文重点介绍三种广泛使用的协议,并清楚地解释它们在技术结构和设计理念上的差异。 以太网 PROFINET 以太网/IP (※评估和实施方法将在另一篇文章中详细说明。) 什么是工业以太网?   简而言之,工业以太网是一种通信技术,与通用以太网相比,它增强了“实时性能”、“鲁棒性”和“诊断能力” 。 标准以太网在工业应用中面临以下挑战:   这是一种尽力而为的通信方式,延迟会根据负载和切换过程而变化。 可能会出现丢帧(丢包)现象。 TCP/UDP/IP 并非为实时控制而设计。 为了应对这些挑战,工业以太网协议采用独特的方法来满足以下要求:   实时通信 同步控制 冗余配置 诊断功能   ■ 理解工业以太网的关键点:OSI 模型   理解工业以太网的关键之一在于理解“实时性能是在哪一层实现的”,而OSI参考模型有助于理解这一点。OSI模型将通信功能划分为七层,每一层都扮演着不同的角色,从物理信号的传输到应用处理。 工业以太网以 OSI 的每一层为基础,并针对每种协议扩展和优化特定层,从而实现实时性能和可靠性。 工业以太网中的 OSI 参考模型: 等级制度 姓名 工业以太网的作用 7 应用 通信数据内容(设备控制、状态、设置) 6 推介会 数据编码、压缩和加密 5 会议 建立、维护和终止通信 4 运输 通信质量控制(TCP/UDP),数据传输保证。 3 网络 通过 IP 地址路由(确定数据包目的地) 2 数据链路 通过 MAC 地址进行数据传输,创建以太网帧 1 物理 电缆(Cat5e/6 等)、连接器和物理信号传输。 工业以太网协议所使用的层: 以太网协议各特性: 协议 等级制度 特点 以太网 2 无需使用IP即可实现高速传输 PROFINET RT/IRT 是L2 NRT L3/4 RT 和 IRT 的区分使用。 以太网/IP 3/4 基于标准以太网 这些特征差异直接导致以下结果: 速度(实时性能) 实施成本 适用范围   工业网络的基本结构   工业以太网通常具有共同的基本结构,而本文讨论的三种协议(EtherCAT、PROFINET 和 EtherNet/IP)也不例外。 ■ 系统和设备结构   工业网络大致可以分为“控制器侧”和“设备侧”。   主设备(控制器): 它在控制整个网络中起着核心作用。 启动通信并设置连接参数 发送输出数据和接收输入数据 沟通管理和终止流程 典型例子:PLC、工业PC 子设备(设备): 响应连接请求并发送和接收必要数据。 接收输出数据并发送输入数据 网络自通知 根据需要发送警报 典型例子:传感器、伺服电机、执行器 ■ 沟通方式:周期性沟通与非周期性沟通 连接建立后,主设备和子设备之间会以极短的时间间隔持续交换I/O数据。根据应用场景的不同,这种通信可分为“周期性通信”和“非周期性通信”。 周期性沟通(周期性沟通) 应用:用于实时控制 - 对于需要实时性能的应用,例如电机控制和I/O控制,至关重要。 非循环通信 用途:配置、诊断和事件管理 - 用于读取和写入配置数据、诊断信息和意外事件通知。 ■支持实时性能的关键概念:同步(时钟) 在工业系统中,“所有设备都按照同一时间标准运行”这一点至关重要。 例如,如下图所示,如果多个设备在不同的时间 Δt₁、Δt₂ 和 Δt₃ 获取数据,则控制器 (PLC) 接收到的信息将不是来自同一时间的数据,而是时间上交错的“单独的快照”。 结果: 位置错位的发生 错误的控制判断 特别是运动控制中的关键同步误差 这可能会导致诸如此类的问题。 因此,在工业以太网中,设备间时钟同步机制是一个至关重要的要素。 三种协议的技术比较总结   以太网 PROFINET 以太网/IP 运营组织 贝乔夫 / ETG(EtherCAT 技术集团) 西门子 / PNO(PROFIBUS & PROFINET International) 洛克威尔 / OVDA(开放设备网络供应商协会) 沟通方式 摘要帧(子设备在帧中读取和写入数据) 基于第 2 层的实时通信 (RT/IRT) CIP:显式(TCP)/隐式(UDP)通信模型 主要用途 运动控制,超高速控制 通用型FA、过程控制以及广泛的工业应用 工厂自动化、PLC网络、机器人 周期 约 31.25μs 级(取决于具体实现,速度非常快) RT:几毫秒 IRT:31.25μs(取决于具体实现方式,TSN/IRT) 通常情况下,延迟级别为 10 毫秒(基于 UDP)。 同步方法 分布式时钟(DC) IRT:精确同步(PTCP) CIP 同步(IEEE1588) 设备型号 PDO/SDO(基于 EtherCAT 的 CANopen) 插槽/子插槽(GSDML) 类/实例/属性对象模型 拓扑 线型、树型、环型(低延迟) 线、星、环(MRP/MRPD) 线、星、环(DLR) 优势 简而言之,就是高速低延迟/硬件处理。 多种类别和诊断功能,高度互操作性 广泛应用于标准以太网基础设施,易于理解。 接下来,我们将解释每项技术特点。 1. EtherCAT (超高速、低延迟导向型) ■ EtherCAT 概述 由 Beckhoff Automation 开发,ETG 管理。 它运行于第 2 层,没有 IP/TCP/UDP 开销。 周期时间:约31.25微秒(取决于具体实现方式) 同步精度:±1μs 或更小 ■ 网络配置 主设备(主控设备)和  多个子设备(从设备) 该子设备配备了ESC ( EtherCAT 从控制器),并使用专用硬件进行高速处理。 虽然线路配置是基本设置,但它也支持使用环形结构的冗余配置。 图: EtherCAT网络配置图 EtherCAT 最显著的特点是“即时处理”。单个帧在经过所有设备的过程中都会被处理,每个设备都会在传输过程中读取和写入数据。由于处理工作由专用硬件(ESC)完成,无需 CPU 参与,因此延迟极低。   图: EtherCAT网络传输图像 ■ 相关协议转换:EtherCAT(IEC 61784-2-12) • CoE (CAN over EtherCAT):通过EtherCAT帧隧道化,使CANopen通信得以使用。 • FoE (File over EtherCAT):一种通过 EtherCAT 传输文件的协议。 EoE (以太网 over EtherCAT):一种封装和传输常规以太网帧(例如TCP/IP )的机制。 图:主设备(MDevice)的EoE协议转换 2. PROFINET (灵活性/互操作性) ■ PROFINET 概述 由西门子开发,PNO 管理。 基于标准以太网 根据应用场景选择RT/IRT/NRT。 生产者/消费者模式 ■ 网络配置 灵活支持各种拓扑结构,例如线型、星型和混合型拓扑结构。 它还支持通过MRP (媒体冗余协议) / MRPD(IRT)实现环冗余。 PROFINET的通信性能按“一致性等级( CC )”进行分类。 CC-A :基本实时,所有IT服务(例如TCP/IP )均可无限制使用。 CC-B :为通用FA的RT添加网络诊断和其他功能。 CC-C ( IRT ): 31.25 μs级运动应用 ■ 沟通类型 NRT(非实时):记录读/写:非周期性地发送和接收参数和设置。报警:通知设备异常情况。 RT:周期性I/O通信,通常为1 毫秒 IRT(等时性):时间同步的高速周期性通信,通常为 31.25 微秒。 → 实现了高度灵活性、详细的诊断和高度互操作性。 3. 以太网/IP ( IT兼容性/标准化) ■以太网/IP概述 EtherNet/IP 由 ODVA(开放设备网络供应商协会)管理。 它采用 CIP(通用工业协议),该协议运行在 TCP/UDP/IP(L3/L4)之上的一层。 面向对象模型 ■ 网络配置 支持线型、星型和环形拓扑结构。 支持使用DLR (设备级环)的高速冗余。 主设备 →扫描器:作为控制器运行,通常发起请求。 子设备 →适配器:响应该请求的设备。 ■ EtherNet/IP 的关键特性:“面向对象模型” 每个设备都被定义为由“类”、“实例”、“属性”和“服务”组成的对象的集合。 类:函数类型(例如,恒等函数、汇编函数) 实例:该类的特定实例。 属性:每个实例所具有的特定值。 服务:操作细节,例如读写。 这使得设备的功能结构非常清晰,从而实现了与不同制造商之间的高度兼容性。 ■ 沟通类型 显式消息连接 使用TCP ,读取和写入配置值,执行自我诊断,并记录日志。 分别发出一次“读”和一次“写”之类的指令。 隐式消息传递 - I/O 连接 它使用UDP 协议,可以实现实时通信,例如循环I/O ,扫描器会定期发送和接收I/O数据。   EtherNet/IP的关键特性是它能够使用隐式( UDP )协议实现高速I/O通信。 总结 工业以太网不仅仅是通信;它是一种能够实现实时控制的系统技术。本文介绍的三种协议分别通过不同的方法来实现这一目标。 协议 设计理念 主要用途 以太网 高速、低延迟 运动控制 PROFINET 灵活性和集成性 通用工厂自动化(FA) 以太网/IP IT集成 PLC网络   作为未来的发展趋势,产业网络将朝着以下方向发展。 TSN (时间敏感网络) 安全(包括符合《社区再投资法案》) 与OPC UA集成 换句话说,关键在于“实时性× IT集成×安全性”的融合。 下次, 为什么i.MX RT1180适用于工业以太网协议? 实际实施和评估程序 我们将详细解释这一点。 ============================= 我们目前无法 回复 此帖子“ 评论”部分留下的评论。 对于由此造成的不便,我们深表歉意,但 在进行咨询时, 请 参考“ NXP 技术问题 - 如何联系我们 ( 日语博客 ) ” 。 (如果您已经是 恩智浦的 分销商或 与 恩智浦 有合作关系 ,您可以直接咨询您的代表。 ) 工业设备通信正迅速从传统的现场总线转向基于以太网的系统。而这一转变的核心正是工业以太网协议。 本文重点介绍三种广泛使用的协议,并清楚地解释它们在技术结构和设计理念上的差异。 以太网 PROFINET 以太网/IP (※评估和实施方法将在另一篇文章中详细说明。)   本文将介绍主导工业以太网的三大协议:EtherCAT、PROFINET 和 EtherNet/IP,并清晰地解释它们在技术结构和设计理念上的差异。   (阅读时间:15分钟) i.MX RT 处理器 介绍 日本博客
View full article
産業用Ethernetプロトコルとは? EtherCAT、PROFINET、EtherNet/IPについて解説 (日本語ブログ) 目次 はじめに 産業用Ethernetとは? 産業用ネットワークの基本構造 1.EtherCAT(超高速・低遅延志向) 2.Profinet(柔軟性・相互運用性) 3.Ethernet/IP(IT親和性・標準性) まとめ はじめに    産業機器における通信は、従来のフィールドバスからEthernetベースへと急速に移行しています。その中心となっているのが、産業用Ethernetプロトコルです。    本記事では、広く利用されている以下の3つのプロトコルにフォーカスし、それぞれの技術構造と設計思想の違いを分かりやすく解説します。 EtherCAT PROFINET EtherNet/IP (※評価・実装方法については別の記事で解説予定です) 産業用Ethernetとは?   産業用Ethernetとは一言で言えば、一般的なEthernetに対して「リアルタイム性」「堅牢性」「診断性」を強化した通信技術です。 通常のEthernetには、産業用途において以下のような課題があります。   ベストエフォート型通信であり、負荷やスイッチ処理によって遅延が変動 フレームロス(パケット損失)が発生する可能性がある TCP/UDP/IPはリアルタイム制御を前提としていない これらの課題に対して、産業用Ethernetでは各プロトコルが独自のアプローチを採用し、以下の要件を実現しています。   リアルタイム通信 同期制御 冗長構成 診断機能   ■ 産業用Ethernetの理解ポイント: OSIモデル    産業用Ethernetを理解するうえで重要なポイントの一つが、「どの層でリアルタイム性を実現しているのか」という視点であり、この理解に役立つのがOSI参照モデルです。OSIモデルは通信機能を7つの層に分割したフレームワークであり、各層は物理信号の伝送からアプリケーション処理まで異なる役割を担います。  産業用Ethernetでは、このOSI各層をベースとしつつ、プロトコルごとに特定の層を拡張・最適化することで、リアルタイム性や信頼性を実現しています。 産業用EthernetにおけるOSI参照モデル: 階層 名称 産業用Ethernetの役割 7 アプリケーション 通信データの内容(装置制御、ステータス、設定) 6 プレゼンテーション データのエンコード、圧縮、暗号化 5 セッション 通信の確立、維持、終了 4 トランスポート 通信の品質管理(TCP/UDP)、データ到達保証 3 ネットワーク IPアドレスによるルーティング(パケット宛先決定) 2 データリンク MACアドレスによるデータ配送、Ethernetフレームの作成 1 物理 ケーブル(Cat5e/6など)、コネクタ、物理信号の送信 産業用Ethernet のプロトコルごとに使用する層: 各Ethernetプロトコルの特徴: プロトコル 階層 特徴 EtherCAT 2 IPを使わず高速化 PROFINET RT/IRT がL2 NRTがL3/4 RT/IRTで使い分け EtherNet/IP 3/4 標準Ethernetベース この特徴の違いが、そのまま以下に直結します。 速度(リアルタイム性) 実装コスト 適用用途   産業用ネットワークの基本構造   Industrial Ethernetは、プロトコルが異なっても概ね共通した基本構造を持っており、本記事で取り上げる3つのプロトコル(EtherCAT、PROFINET、EtherNet/IP)も同様です。 ■ システム・デバイス構造   産業用ネットワークは、大きく「コントローラ側」と「デバイス側」に分けられます。   メイン・デバイス(コントローラ): ネットワーク全体を制御する中心的な役割を担います。 通信の開始および接続パラメータの設定 出力データの送信および入力データの受信 通信の管理および終了処理  代表例: PLC、産業用PC  サブ・デバイス(デバイス): 接続要求に応答し、必要なデータを送受信 出力データの受信および入力データの送信 ネットワーク上での自己通知 必要に応じてアラーム送信  代表例:センサ、サーボ、アクチュエータ ■ 通信方式:周期通信 vs 非周期通信 一度接続が確立されると、MainDevice と SubDevice の間では、非常に短い周期で I/O データが連続的に交換されます。この通信は、用途に応じて「周期通信」と「非周期通信」に分けられます。 Cyclic通信(周期通信)  用途:リアルタイム制御用  ・モータ制御や I/O 制御など、リアルタイム性が求められる場面で不可欠 Acyclic通信(非周期通信)  用途:設定・診断・イベント用  ・設定データの読み書きや診断情報、予期しないイベントの通知などに使用 ■リアルタイム性を支える重要概念:同期(Clock) 産業システムでは、「すべてのデバイスが同一の時間基準で動作すること」が非常に重要です。 例えば、下図のように複数のデバイスがそれぞれ Δt₁、Δt₂、Δt₃ と異なるタイミングでデータを取得している場合、コントローラ(PLC)が受け取る情報は、同一時刻のデータではなく、時間的にずれた「バラバラのスナップショット」となります。 その結果: 位置ずれの発生 誤った制御判断 特にモーション制御における重大な同期エラー といった問題につながります。 そのため、Industrial Ethernet では各デバイス間でクロックを同期させる仕組みが非常に重要な要素となります。 3つのプロトコルの技術比較まとめ   EtherCAT PROFINET EtherNet/IP 運営組織 Bechoff / ETG (EtherCAT Technology Group) Siemens / PNO (PROFIBUS & PROFINET International) Rockwell / OVDA (Open Device Net Vendors Association) 通信方式 Summation frame (フレームを通過しながらSubDeviceがデータを読み書き) Layer 2ベースのリアルタイム通信 (RT/IRT) CIP : Explicit(TCP) / Implicit(UDP) 通信モデル 主要用途 モーション制御、超高速制御 汎用FA、工程制御、広範な産業用途 工場自動化、PLCネットワーク、ロボット サイクルタイム ~31.25μsレベル(実装依存、非常に高速) RT: 数ms IRT: 31.25μs(実装依存、TSN/IRT) 一般的に10msレベル(UDPベース) 同期方式 Distributed Clock (DC) IRT : 高精度同期 (PTCP) CIP Sync (IEEE1588) デバイスモデル PDO / SDO (CANopen over EtherCAT) Slot / Subslot (GSDML) Class / Instance / Attribute Object Model トポロジ ライン、ツリー、リング(低遅延) ライン、スター、リング(MRP/MRPD) ライン、スター、リング(DLR) 利点 とにかく高速・低遅延 / ハードウェアでの処理 様々なクラスと診断機能、高い相互運用性 標準Ethernetインフラで広く利用、理解しやすい ここからは、それぞれの技術的特徴を解説していきます。 1. EtherCAT(超高速・低遅延志向) ■ EtherCAT概要 Beckhoff Automationが開発、ETGが管理 レイヤ2で動作し、IP/TCP/UDPのオーバーヘッドなし サイクルタイム:~31.25μs (実装依存) 同期精度:±1μs以下 ■ ネットワーク構成 メインデバイス(マスター) と  複数のサブデバイス(スレーブ) サブデバイス は ESC(EtherCAT Slave Controller)搭載、専用ハードウェアで高速処理 ライン構成が基本だが、リング化による冗長構成にも対応     図:EtherCATネットワーク構成イメージ EtherCATの最大の特徴が「オンザフライ処理」です。1つのフレームが全デバイスを通過しながら処理され、各デバイスは通過中にデータを読み書きします。専用ハードウェア(ESC)によりCPUを介さず処理されるため、極めて低遅延を実現します。   図:EtherCATネットワーク転送イメージ ■ 関連プロトコル変換:EtherCAT (IEC 61784-2-12) ・CoE (CAN over EtherCAT) : CANopen 通信を EtherCAT のフレーム上でトンネリングして使えるようにしたもの ・FoE (File over EtherCAT) : EtherCAT 経由でファイル転送を行うプロトコル ・EoE (Ethernet over EtherCAT) : 通常の Ethernet フレーム(TCP/IP など)をカプセル化して流す仕組み。     図:マスタデバイス(MDevice)によるEoEプロトコル変換 2. PROFINET(柔軟性・相互運用性) ■ PROFINET概要 Siemensが開発、PNOが管理 標準Ethernetベース RT/IRT/NRTを用途で使い分け Producer/Consumerモデル ■ ネットワーク構成 ライン、スター、混在などのトポロジー柔軟に対応 MRP(Media Redundancy Protocol)/ MRPD (IRT)によるリング冗長にも対応 PROFINET の通信性能は “Conformance Class(CC)” で分類されている  CC‑A:基本的なリアルタイム、すべてのIT サービス(例 TCP/IP)は制限なく使用  CC‑B:ネットワーク診断などを追加し、一般 FA の RTに  CC‑C(IRT):31.25μs クラスのモーション用途 ■ 通信タイプ NRT:  Record Read/Write:パラメータや設定を非周期で送受信                                                                                                        Alarms:デバイスからの異常通知 RT:周期 I/O 通信 一般的に 1ms IRT :(アイソクロナス):時間同期された高速周期通信, 一般的に31.25us                         →高い柔軟性・詳細な診断・高い相互運用性を実現 3. EtherNet/IP(IT親和性・標準性) ■ EtherNet/IP概要 EtherNet/IP は、ODVA(Open DeviceNet Vendors Association) により管理 TCP/UDP/IP(L3/L4)の上のレイヤーで動作するCIP(Common Industrial Protocol)を採用 オブジェクト指向モデル ■ ネットワーク構成 ライン、スター、リングのトポロジーをサポート DLR(Device Level Ring)による高速冗長化をサポート  メインデバイス→ Scanner:コントローラとして機能し、通常はリクエストを開始  サブデバイス→Adapter:そのリクエストに応答するデバイス ■ EtherNet/IP の特徴「オブジェクト指向モデル」 各デバイスは「Class」「Instance」「Attribute」「Service」から構成されるオブジェクトの集合体として定義されます。 Class:機能の種類(例:Identity、Assembly) Instance:そのクラスの具体的な1つの実体 Attribute:各インスタンスが持つ具体的な値 Service:読み書きなど操作内容 これにより、装置の機能が非常に明快に構造化され、メーカーを超えて高い互換性を実現できます。 ■ 通信タイプ Explicit Messaging Connection(明示的通信) TCP を使用、設定値の読書き、自己診断、ログ取得 「読んで」「書いて」といった指示を1回ずつ行う Implicit Messaging- I/O Connection(暗黙的通信) UDP を使用、サイクル I/O などリアルタイム通信、スキャナが一定周期で I/O データを送受信   Implicit(UDP)で高速な I/O 通信ができるのが EtherNet/IP のポイントです。 まとめ 産業用Ethernetは単なる通信ではなく、「リアルタイム制御を成立させるためのシステム技術」です。今回紹介した3つのプロトコルは、それぞれ異なるアプローチでそれを実現しています。 プロトコル 設計思想 主な用途 EtherCAT 高速・低遅延 モーション制御 PROFINET 柔軟性・統合 汎用FA EtherNet/IP IT統合 PLCネットワーク   今後のトレンドとして、産業ネットワークは次の方向へ進みます。 TSN(Time Sensitive Networking) セキュリティ(CRA対応など) OPC UAとの統合 つまり 「リアルタイム × IT統合 × セキュリティ」の融合が鍵となります。 次回は、 i.MX RT1180がなぜ産業Ethernetプロトコルに適するのか? 実際の実装、評価手順 について解説していきます。 ============================= 本投稿の「Comment」欄にコメントをいただいても、現在返信に対応しておりません。​ お手数をおかけしますが、お問い合わせの際には「NXPへの技術質問 - 問い合わせ方法 (日本語ブログ)」をご参照ください。​ (既に弊社NXP代理店、もしくはNXPとお付き合いのある方は、直接担当者へご質問いただいてもかまいません。)​  産業機器における通信は、従来のフィールドバスからEthernetベースへと急速に移行しています。その中心となっているのが、産業用Ethernetプロトコルです。  本記事では、広く利用されている以下の3つのプロトコルにフォーカスし、それぞれの技術構造と設計思想の違いを分かりやすく解説します。 EtherCAT PROFINET EtherNet/IP (※評価・実装方法については別の記事で解説予定です)   産業用Ethernet主流のEtherCAT・PROFINET・EtherNet/IPの3大プロトコルを取り上げ、それぞれの技術構造と設計思想の違いを分かりやすく解説します。   (読了時間:15分) i.MX RT Processors introduction 日本語ブログ
View full article
FAQ – TEA2376 Interleaved PFC Controller Introduction The TEA2376 is a digital configurable two-phase interleaved PFC controller intended for high-efficiency power supplies. It supports DCM / QR operation with valley switching, programmable protections, phase shedding, burst mode, and MTP-based parameter configuration. The TEA2376DT variant additionally supports dedicated I²C pins for live parameter access during operation, a POWERGOOD output, and a BURST input, making it especially suitable for development and system interaction. 1) What is the TEA2376? The TEA2376 is a digital configurable interleaved PFC controller with two phases for high-efficiency offline power supplies. It is intended for applications such as TVs, servers, PCs, gaming consoles, high-power adapters, 5G supplies, home audio, and similar products that require high power factor, low THD, and good efficiency over a wide load range. 2) What is the difference between the TEA2376AT, TEA2376BT, and TEA2376DT? The main differences are package and I²C / system-interface capabilities. TEA2376AT is offered in an SO10 package and uses the GATE1/GATE2 pins for I²C communication during programming. TEA2376BT is offered in an SO14 package but still uses combined GATE pins for I²C and does not add POWERGOOD or BURST system pins. TEA2376DT is also in an SO14 package, but it provides dedicated SDA/SCL pins, a POWERGOOD output, a BURST input, and live I²C communication during operation, which makes it the most convenient variant for development work. 3) What are the main benefits of an interleaved PFC compared to a single-phase PFC? An interleaved PFC divides the power over two out-of-phase boost channels. This reduces stress per phase, distributes losses and heat, reduces RMS ripple current in the output capacitor, and improves EMI behavior because part of the ripple current cancels in the input path. It can also reduce cooling requirements and make high-power designs easier to realize. 4) What operating modes does the TEA2376 support? The TEA2376 supports normal two-phase operation for medium and high load, phase shedding at light load, and burst mode at very low load. The controller mainly operates in discontinuous conduction mode or quasi-resonant mode with valley switching, while brief CCM operation may occur under special conditions such as start-up when the input voltage is close to the output voltage. 5) What power level is the TEA2376 intended for? The TEA2376 family is intended for power levels up to typically 1000 W. The actual achievable power depends on the complete system design, including switching frequency, thermal performance, magnetics, semiconductors, PCB layout, and cooling conditions. 6) What protections are included in the TEA2376? The TEA2376 includes a broad set of protections, such as VCC undervoltage and overvoltage protection, internal and external overtemperature protection, inrush current protection, brownin / brownout, overcurrent protection on SNSCUR and SNSSRC, dual output overvoltage protection, coil short protection, output diode short protection, open / short pin protection, open-loop protection, and phase-fail protection. Many of these protections can be configured independently for latched behavior or safe restart. 7) How is the TEA2376 programmed? The TEA2376 uses I²C programming for loading and modifying settings during development. For AT and BT versions, I²C communication shares the GATE1/GATE2 pins, so the IC must be placed into the correct start-up state to enable programming. For the DT version, I²C is available on dedicated SDA/SCL pins, which allows programming and monitoring while the application is operating. 😎 Can I modify parameters while the power supply is running? Yes, but only with the TEA2376DT. Its dedicated SDA/SCL pins support live I²C communication during operation. AT and BT versions are less convenient for live tuning because I²C is multiplexed on the gate pins and the application must be placed into the appropriate programming state. 9) What is the TEA2376DK1011 kit? The TEA2376DK1011 is a programming and development kit that includes TEA2376DT IC samples and a TEA2376DB1604v3 programming board. The board provides sockets for both SO10 and SO14 devices and routes the I²C connections correctly for supported TEA2376 variants. The kit is intended to help users get started quickly with evaluation, programming, and parameter tuning. 10) What additional hardware and software do I need to use the TEA2376DK1011? The programming setup requires a Windows PC, the TEA2376 Ringo software, an I²C-USB interface with cables (RDK01DB1563), and the TEA2376DB1604 programming board. The Ringo software requires the appropriate USB-I²C interface driver to be installed. 11) What does the TEA2376DB1604 programming board actually do? The TEA2376DB1604 is an IC connection and programming board. It routes the I²C signals to the correct pins, supplies VCC to the IC, provides sockets for both SO10 and SO14 packages, includes protection on the I²C connection, and offers test points for observing the communication signals. A switch allows VCC to be connected or disconnected during IC exchange. 12) What are phase shedding and burst mode, and why do they matter? Phase shedding disables one PFC phase at light load so that the remaining phase can operate more efficiently. Burst mode periodically stops switching at very low load to reduce controller and conversion losses. Together, these mechanisms help improve light-load and standby efficiency and support compliance with modern efficiency requirements. 13) How can burst mode be controlled? Burst mode can be configured in several ways depending on the device version and MTP settings. It can be controlled via the VCC pin, via the SNSBOOST pin, and on the TEA2376DT also via the dedicated BURST input pin. Supported burst operation styles include follow mode, ripple mode, and autonomous mode. 14) What are POWERGOOD and BURST pins used for on the TEA2376DT? These are DT-only system-interface features. POWERGOOD is an open-drain output that indicates that the PFC output is above a programmable minimum level and that the controller is operating normally, depending on the selected settings. BURST is an input that allows an external system or downstream converter to command burst-mode behavior, with programmable polarity and thresholds. 15) Can the TEA2376 work together with TEA2209 and TEA19161? Yes. The TEA2376 is often being used together with the TEA2209 active bridge rectifier controller and the TEA19161 LLC controller in high-efficiency AC/DC power systems. The TEA19161 can also interact with TEA2376 through SNSBOOST-based burst-mode coordination during low-load operation. 16) What performance does NXP demonstrate with TEA2376 in the 1 kW standalone design example? In the TEA2376DB1623 1 kW standalone PFC design example, the performance measurements report a 385 V output, power factor greater than 0.99 over the tested mains range at full load, THD below 10 percent in the reported tests, and efficiency above 98 percent at 1 kW depending on mains condition. These values are for the specific demo-board implementation and test conditions. 17) What are typical mode-transition points in the 1 kW example? For the TEA2376DB1623 1 kW design example, the reported transition levels are approximately 312 to 317 W for phase adding, 209 to 213 W for phase shedding, 115 to 117 W for entering burst mode, and 148 to 149 W for leaving burst mode. These are example settings from that design and can be changed through MTP configuration. 18) Is the TEA2376DK1011 or demo hardware intended for end-product use? No. The kit and demo boards are intended for engineering development and evaluation purposes only. They are open-frame boards intended for laboratory use by qualified personnel and are not intended for production use. 19) Is there anything important to know about AT/BT programming through GATE pins? Yes. For AT and BT versions, I²C communication shares the gate pins, so the IC must be placed into the correct programming state by appropriate handling during start-up. In practical terms, this makes AT and BT less convenient than DT for repeated live tuning during development. 20) Why is the TEA2376DT usually the preferred version for development? TEA2376DT combines dedicated SDA/SCL pins, live I²C communication during operation, a POWERGOOD output, a BURST input, and GUI-based status monitoring. These features make it the most flexible variant for tuning, debugging, and system integration work.
View full article
LinkFlash 工具 大家好 ! 我在应用中使用的是 MKL17Z64。我想使用 LinkFlash 工具 (v25.6.131) 对我的板进行编程,但是 MKL17Z64 没有出现在设备列表中。 有解决方法或等效设备可供我使用吗? 谢谢! 安德烈 Kinetis 硬件支持 Kinetis L系列MCU Re: LinkFlash tool 你好@AndreVB 感谢您的提问。LinkFlash 目前不支持该芯片。我将咨询我们的内部团队,看看是否有支持此设备的 JSON 文件。 谢谢!   BR 爱丽丝
View full article
LinkFlash tool Hello Comumnity !  I am using the MKL17Z64 in my application. I would like to use the LinkFlash tool (v25.6.131) to program my boards, but the MKL17Z64 does not appear in the device list. Is there a workaround or an equivalent device selection I could use? Thank you! Andre Kinetis Hardware Support Kinetis L Series MCUs Re: LinkFlash tool Hi @AndreVB  Thanks for your question. LinkFlash does not currently support this chip. I will check with our internal team to see if there is a JSON file available that supports this device. Thank you.   BR Alice
View full article
BIST ERROR 我在S32K356上跑BIST,在Startup阶段调用sys_init和ram_Init之后执行Bist_Run(BIST_SAFETYBOOT_CFG),复位后执行Bist_GetExecStatus,提示BIST_ERROR,WDTOSW = 1,这是为什么?   Re: BIST ERROR 你好@WeiC、 请确认已满足所有必要的先决条件。 S32K3 Bist 软件产品 (UM40BISTSPDR1.0.6) 用户手册。 谢谢! BR,丹尼尔
View full article
BISTエラー S32K356でBISTを実行しています。起動フェーズ中にsys_initとram_Initを呼び出した後、Bist_Run(BIST_SAFETYBOOT_CFG)を実行します。リセット後、Bist_GetExecStatusを実行すると、BIST_ERRORとWDTOSW = 1が表示されます。なぜこのようなことが起こるのでしょうか?   Re: BIST ERROR こんにちは、 @WeiC さん。 必要な前提条件がすべて満たされていることをご確認ください。 S32K3 Bistソフトウェア製品(UM40BISTSPDR1.0.6)のユーザーマニュアル。 ありがとうございました。 BR、ダニエル
View full article
BIST ERROR I am running BIST on S32K356, after calling sys_init and ram_Init in Startup phase , I execute Bist_Run (BIST_SAFETYBOOT_CFG), and after reset, I execute Bist_GetExecStatus, and it prompts BIST_ERROR, WDTOSW = 1, why is this? WDTOSW = 1, why?   Re: BIST ERROR Hi @WeiC, Please verify that all required prerequisites are met. User Manual for S32K3 Bist Software Product (UM40BISTSPDR1.0.6). Thank you, BR, Daniel
View full article
LinkFlashツール コミュニティの皆さん、こんにちは! 私のアプリケーションではMKL17Z64を使用しています。LinkFlashツール(v25.6.131)を使用してボードをプログラムしたいのですが、デバイスリストにMKL17Z64が表示されません。 何か代替策や、同等のデバイスを選択できる方法はありますか? ご回答をお待ちしています。 アンドレ Kinetis ハードウェアサポート Kinetis Lシリーズ・マイクロコントローラ Re: LinkFlash tool こんにちは、 @AndreVBさん ご質問ありがとうございます。LinkFlashは現在、このチップをサポートしていません。社内チームに確認して、このデバイスをサポートするJSONファイルが存在するかどうか調べてみます。 よろしくお願いします。   BR アリス
View full article
Using the HiFi DSP for Inferencing ML Models on i.MX RT Devices This article will describe how to use the HiFi modules found on certain NXP microcontrollers as an optional method for inferencing a model.  There are several ways of running a TFLite neural network model on NXP microcontrollers: Inference a model only using the main core of the device (CM33 or M7) MCX N i.MX RT1050 i.MX RT1060 i.MX RT1170 i.MX RT1180 i.MX RT595 i.MX RT685 i.MX RT700 Inference a model directly on the HiFi4 or HiFi1 core (on supported platforms) i.MX RT595 i.MX RT685 i.MX RT700 Use the Neutron NPU to accelerate inference of a model - with the CM33 controlling the NPU and acting as a fallback for any non-NPU supported layers i.MX RT700 MCX N Use the Neutron NPU to accelerate inference of a model - with the HiFi4 controlling the NPU and acting as a fallback for any non-NPU supported layers i.MX RT700   This article will cover options #2 and #4 which make use of the HiFi DSP module. Running a model on the HiFi4 (option #2) will be much faster than running a model just on the CM33/M7 (option #1). However using the NPU (options #3 and #4) will be significantly faster than only using the DSP due to the hardware optimizations that an NPU provides for neural network calculations. The exact performance gains will be model specific, and also depend on the layer(s) that may not have been converted to use the NPU as NeutronGraph nodes. The accuracy should remain the very similar regardless of method being used. Any type of TFLite neural network model can be ran on the HiFi1/HiFi4 as those DSP modules are just being used accelerate the neural network math that the model uses. CIFAR10 on i.MX RT700 using default MCUXpresso SDK projects: CM33: 105.925ms HiFi1*: 148.487ms HiFi4: 12.312ms NPU w/ CM33: 1.048ms NPU w/ HiFi4: 0.983ms *HiFi1 runs at 32MHz   Software requirements: Go to the Cadence i.MX RT700 or Cadence i.MX RT685 pages to download the following software. Xtensa Xplorer IDE License Key HIFI DSP Configuration File (NEWLIB) If using a HiFi4 example then download the HiFi4 license and DSP configuration files. Likewise, if using a HiFi1, then will need the HiFi1 license and DSP configuration files. Also you will need to download the Windows or Linux version of these files depending on which host OS you are using on your PC. Finally add the following global system variables which should be set based on the location that Xtensa Explorer was installed (assuming RT700 with HiFi4): XCC_DIR= \XtDevTools\install\tools\RI-2023.11-win32\XtensaTools XTENSA_CORE= rt700_hifi4_RI23_11_nlib MCUXpresso SDK HiFi ML Examples: There are several HiFi related examples in MCUXpresso SDK for i.MX RT700: tflm_cifar10 – Uses Neutron NPU to inference the CIFAR10 model and uses the CM33 as the fallback for any non-NPU operators. tflm_cifar10_hifi1 – Uses HiFi1 to inference the CIFAR10 model. Does not use the Neutron NPU tflm_cifar10_hifi4 – Uses HiFi4 to inference the CIFAR10 model. Does not use the Neutron NPU tflm_cifar10_hifi4_neutron – Uses Neutron NPU to inference the CIFAR10 model and uses the HiFi4 as the fallback for any non-NPU operators. tflm_label_image – Uses Neutron NPU to inference the CIFAR10 model and uses the CM33 as the fallback for any non-NPU operators. tflm_label_image_hifi4 - Uses HiFi4 to inference the Mobilenet model. Does not use the Neutron NPU When using the HiFi eIQ projects provided in MCUXpresso SDK, ensure that the SDK is: Located in a short filename path (ie C:\nxp\RT700), as an excessively long filename path can cause compile issues Directory path contains no spaces If using VS Code import as a Repository project instead of Free Standing. MCUXpresso SDK 26.03 Known Issue:  In MCUXpresso SDK 26.03 an additional compile option named -mlongcalls needs to be used to avoid issues when adding additional operators the ops list. For VS Code, inside \mcuxsdk\examples\_boards\mimxrt700evk\eiq_examples\tflm_cifar10_hifi4\hifi4 edit the reconfig.cmake file in the mcux_add_xtensa_configuration options: mcux_add_xtensa_configuration( CC "-DXOS_CLOCK_FREQ=237500000 -std=c99 -mlongcalls" CX "-stdlib=libc++ \ -mlongcalls \ -std=c++17" ) If using Xtensa Explorer: Then in the Addl compiler tab, under Additional options, add -mlongcalls and click OK to save. HiFi4 Neutron Example:  The HiFi4 Neutron example may not execute in MCUXpresso SDK 26.03. Please either upgrade the Neutron libraries to the latest version, or else use the default HiFi4 Neutron example in MCUXpresso SDK 25.12 in the meantime. This will be fixed in MCUXpresso SDK 26.06.   HiFi Lab: See the attached lab document for more details on using the HiFi DSP modules to inference models.    
View full article
Cell Balancing not working again on MC33774A Hi everyone, I am working with the MC33774A to balance cell pins. First, I set balancing for cell 1 (3.7 V) with an under-voltage threshold UV0 = 3.6 V. When I read the BAL_CH_UV0_STAT0 register, the value is 0x0C00. This makes sense because cell 11 (3.4 V) and cell 12 (3.3 V) are below the threshold. Then, I changed the under-voltage setting to UV0 = 3.2 V (lower than 3.6 V) and activated cell balancing for cell 11 and cell 12, but it did not work. After referring to the MC33774A datasheet, I realized that in voltage-controlled mode there is a third input, which is the status of BAL_CH_UV0_STAT. So, I want to clear the bits of BAL_CH_UV0_STAT (from 0x0C00 to 0x0000) to allow the balancing process to run again. However, these bits are read-only, with a “read clears bit” behavior. I tried to read the entire BAL_CH_UV0_STAT0 register using the command: Bcc_774a_COM_ReadRegisters(BCC_CHAIN_ADDR, 1, MC33774_BAL_CH_UV0_STAT0_OFFSET, 1, Bms_TD);   But the returned value of BAL_CH_UV0_STAT0 is always 0x0C00. It seems that the bits are not being cleared.  Currently, I am facing an issue where I cannot clear the bits in the BAL_CH_UV0_STAT0 register, and I would appreciate any help.
View full article
MC33774A 上的电池平衡功能再次失效 大家好, 我正在使用 MC33774A 来平衡电池引脚。首先,我为 1 号电池(3.7 V)设置了平衡,欠压阈值 UV0 = 3.6 V。当我读取 BAL_CH_UV0_STAT0 寄存器时,其值为 0x0C00。这是有道理的,因为电池 11 (3.4 V) 和电池 12 (3.3)V)低于阈值。 然后,我将欠压设置改为 UV0 = 3.2 V(低于 3.6 V),并激活了 11 号电池和 12 号电池的电池平衡,但没有奏效。 参考 MC33774A 数据表后,我意识到在电压控制模式下还有第三个输入,即 BAL_CH_UV0_STAT 的状态。因此,我想清除 BAL_CH_UV0_STAT 的位(从 0x0C00 到 0x0000),使平衡过程重新运行。 不过,这些位都是只读的,具有 "读取清零位 "的行为。我尝试使用该命令读取整个 BAL_CH_UV0_STAT0 寄存器: Bcc_774a_COM_ReadRegisters(BCC_CHAIN_ADDR, 1, MC33774_BAL_CH_UV0_STAT0_OFFSET, 1, Bms_TD);   但 BAL_CH_UV0_STAT0 的返回值始终为 0x0C00。看来这些位没有被清除。 目前,我遇到了一个问题,无法清除 BAL_CH_UV0_STAT0 寄存器中的位。
View full article
Dentolyn: Reviews, Benefits, and More Dentolyn is a modern oral care solution designed to support healthy teeth and gums through effective daily dental hygiene. Regular use of Dentolyn can contribute to stronger teeth, healthier gums, and improved overall oral health. With a focus on quality and effectiveness, Dentolyn promotes better oral hygiene habits while helping prevent common dental problems. ->>> https://bit.ly/3S9NgdT  
View full article
Dentolyn: 评论、优点及更多信息 Dentolyn是一种现代口腔护理解决方案,旨在通过有效的日常牙科卫生来支持健康的牙齿和牙龈。 定期使用 Dentolyn 可以使牙齿更坚固、牙龈更健康,并改善整体口腔健康。Dentolyn 注重质量和效果,促进人们养成更好的口腔卫生习惯,同时帮助预防常见的牙科问题。 ->> > https://bit.ly/3S9NgdT  
View full article
PIC16F877Aを使用してI2Cのビットバンギングを試みましたが、出力が得られません。 それで、I2C通信にビットバンギングを実装しようとしているのですが、出力が得られません。 現在、Proteusを使用しており、EEPROMを使用しています。開始シーケンスは視覚化されますが、シミュレーションではEEPROMが認識されず、sdaは想定どおり常にハイになっているようです。
View full article
MCSPTE1AK144_BLDC_6Stepで混乱する こんにちは、 プロジェクト MCSPTE1AK144_BLDC_6Step で混乱しています。特に MEAS_GetDCBCurrent(&ADCResults.DCBIVoltageRaw) 、ADCResults.DCBIOffset = GDFLIB_FilterMA(ADCResults.DCBIVoltageRaw, &Idcb_calib) および ADCResults.DCBIVoltage = MLIB_Sub(ADCResults.DCBIVoltageRaw, ADCResults.DCBIOffset) の部分です。 MEAS_GetDCBCurrent: tBool MEAS_GetDCBCurrent(tFloat *getDCBCurrent) { uint16_t adcResult;   ADC_DRV_GetChanResult(1, 0, &adcResult);   *getDCBCurrent = MLIB_Mul(((tFloat)MLIB_Div((tFloat)(adcResult & 0x00000FFF), (tFloat)0x00000FFF)), I_MAX);   1を返す。 }   I_MAXは25です。 したがって、ADCResults.DCBIVoltageRaw の範囲は [0, I_MAX] であり、実際のバス電流は負の値を持つため、これは実際のバス電流ではありません。 ADCResults.DCBIOffset の範囲も [0, I_MAX] です。 ADCResults.DCBIVoltageとは何ですか?電流か電圧か? I_MAX、ADCResults.DCBIVoltageRaw、ADCResults.DCBIOffset、およびADCResults.DCBIVoltageについて説明していただける方はいらっしゃいますか?
View full article
错误 103:Linkserver GDB 服务器意外退出 你好 我开始使用 FRDM-MCXW72-LOC 开发板进行开发,当我尝试在终端窗口中使用以下内容调试 linkserver 退出时,我可以成功导入、编译示例: 等待 GDB 服务器启动... [2026-06-06T13:59:32.968Z] SERVER CONSOLE DEBUG:GDB 服务器连接已建立。切换到"DEBUG CONSOLE" 查看 GDB 跟踪。 "C:\\NXP\\LinkServer_25.12.83\\LinkServer.exe"-l5 gdbserver " mcxw727cxxxa: mcxw72-LOC "--probe LYHBJEE1C30QX--gdb-port 2336--no-启动--core cm33_core0--redlink-port 2440 [474] 调试:asyncio:使用主动器:iocproactor [478] 调试:Launcher.core.设备: 从 JSON 文件中读取设备 [743] 调试:launcher.core.device:读取完设备 JSON 文件 [747] 关键:__main__:严重错误 回顾(最后一次通话): 文件 " __main__ .py ",第 44 行,在 文件"click\core.py" 、第 1130 行,在__call__ 文件"click\core.py" 、第 1055 行,在 main 文件"click\core.py" 、第 1657 行,在 invoke 文件"click\core.py" 、第 1404 行,在 invoke 文件"click\core.py" 、第 760 行,在 invoke 文件"launcher\cli\utils\funcs.py" ,第 152 行,在 wrapper 文件"asyncio\runners.py" 、第 195 行,在运行 文件"asyncio\runners.py" 、第 118 行,在 run File"asyncio\base_events.py" ,第 719 行,在 run_until_complete File"launcher\cli\cmd\gdbserver.py" ,第 59 行,在 cmd_gdbserver File"contextlib.py" 、第 214 行,在 __aenter__ File " 启动器\ cli\ utils\ click.py ",第 313 行,连接 文件 " 启动器\ cli\ utils\ funcs.py ",第 257 行,在 select_device 文件启动器\ cli\ utils\ funcs.py 中,第 140 行,在 assert_one_ device 文件启动器\ cli\ utils\ funcs.py " " "",第 129 行,在 die 异常:没有匹配的设备 [2026-06-06T 13:59:34.210 Z] 服务器控制台调试:GDB 服务器连接已关闭。 GDB 服务器连接已关闭。终端将被重复使用,等待下一个会话开始... 我可以通过链接服务器连接 flash 应用程序,连接 MCU 并闪存代码。是否知道为什么它无法在 MCUXpresso for VSCode 环境中运行? 谢谢! Brian Re: Error 103: Linkserver GDB server quit unexpectedly Linkserver 有一个 MCX-W72-LOC 的 JSON,它与板的名称不匹配,当选择作为要导入示例的板时,它是 MCXW72-LOC。我正在尝试复制原件并修复命名... 试过了但没用,我想 linkserver 和 MCXW72-LOC 主板有问题? Re: Error 103: Linkserver GDB server quit unexpectedly 埃里希 谢谢,我使用的是从存储库导入,你只能选择板。链接服务器从哪个 json 中提取?我想我可以保留板并修改启动配置?否则,选择 FRDM-MCxW72 作为主板并不能显示我正在尝试导入和运行的示例。 Brian Re: Error 103: Linkserver GDB server quit unexpectedly 我看到有这样的错误信息: 例外:没有匹配的设备 您已指定以下设备: "MCXW727CxxxA:MCXW72-LOC" 至少在我最新版本的 LinkServer 中是不存在的: C:\NXP\LinkServer_26.5.59>.\LinkServer.exe 设备 --filter MCXW727CxxxA 信息: 与 MCXW727CxxxA 完全匹配 系列 设备 主板 核心 -------- -------- ------- ------------------------ MCXW7XX MCXW727C cm33_core0, [cm33_core1] 我建议你删除:mcxw72-LOC 进行设备选择。 希望这能帮到您, 埃里希
View full article
Error 103: Linkserver GDB server quit unexpectedly Hello, I am starting to develop with the FRDM-MCXW72-LOC boards and I can import, compile examples successfully, when I try to debug linkserver quits with the following in the terminal window: Waiting for GDB server to start... [2026-06-06T13:59:32.968Z] SERVER CONSOLE DEBUG: GDB server connection established. Switch to "DEBUG CONSOLE" to see GDB traces. "C:\\NXP\\LinkServer_25.12.83\\LinkServer.exe" -l5 gdbserver "MCXW727CxxxA:MCXW72-LOC" --probe LYHBJEE1C30QX --gdb-port 2336 --no-boot --core cm33_core0 --redlink-port 2440 [474]DEBUG:asyncio: Using proactor: IocpProactor [478]DEBUG:launcher.core.device: Reading devices from JSON files [743]DEBUG:launcher.core.device: Finished reading device JSON files [747]CRITICAL:__main__: Critical error Traceback (most recent call last): File "__main__.py", line 44, in File "click\core.py", line 1130, in __call__ File "click\core.py", line 1055, in main File "click\core.py", line 1657, in invoke File "click\core.py", line 1404, in invoke File "click\core.py", line 760, in invoke File "launcher\cli\utils\funcs.py", line 152, in wrapper File "asyncio\runners.py", line 195, in run File "asyncio\runners.py", line 118, in run File "asyncio\base_events.py", line 719, in run_until_complete File "launcher\cli\cmd\gdbserver.py", line 59, in cmd_gdbserver File "contextlib.py", line 214, in __aenter__ File "launcher\cli\utils\click.py", line 313, in connect File "launcher\cli\utils\funcs.py", line 257, in select_device File "launcher\cli\utils\funcs.py", line 140, in assert_one_device File "launcher\cli\utils\funcs.py", line 129, in die Exception: No matching devices [2026-06-06T13:59:34.210Z] SERVER CONSOLE DEBUG: GDB server connection closed. GDB server connection closed. Terminal will be reused, waiting for next session to start... I can connect with the linkserver flash app connect to the MCU and flash code. Any ideas why it is not working within MCUXpresso for VSCode environment?  Thank you, Brian Re: Error 103: Linkserver GDB server quit unexpectedly Linkserver has a JSON for MCX-W72-LOC which does not match with the name of the board which is MCXW72-LOC when picking as the board to import examples for. I am attempting copying the original and fixing the naming...Tried and that didn't work, I suppose that there is an issue with linkserver and the MCXW72-LOC board?  Re: Error 103: Linkserver GDB server quit unexpectedly Erich, Thanks for that, I am using import from repository and you only get boards to select. Which json does linkserver pull that from? I am supposing I can keep the board and modify the launch config? Otherwise, picking the frdm-MCXW72 as the board does not show the examples that I am trying to import and run.  Brian Re: Error 103: Linkserver GDB server quit unexpectedly I see there is this error message: Exception: No matching devices You have the following device specified: "MCXW727CxxxA:MCXW72-LOC" which does not exist at least in my latest version of LinkServer: C:\NXP\LinkServer_26.5.59>.\LinkServer.exe devices --filter MCXW727CxxxA INFO: Exact match for MCXW727CxxxA found Family Device Board Cores -------- -------- ------- ------------------------ MCXW7XX MCXW727C cm33_core0, [cm33_core1] I suggest you remove the :MCXW72-LOC for the device selection. I hope this helps, Erich
View full article
混淆 MCSPTE1AK144_BLDC_6 步骤 你好 Now I get confused on the project MCSPTE1AK144_BLDC_6Step, especially on MEAS_GetDCBCurrent(&ADCResults.DCBIVoltageRaw) , ADCResults.DCBIOffset = GDFLIB_FilterMA(ADCResults.DCBIVoltageRaw,&Idcb_calib) 和 ADCResults.DCBIVoltage = MLIB_Sub(ADCResults.DCBIVoltageRaw,ADCResults.DCBIOffset)。 MEAS_GetDCBCurrent: tBool MEAS_GetDCBCurrent(tFloat *getDCBCurrent) { uint16_t adcResult;   ADC_DRV_GetChanResult(1, 0,&adcResult);   *getDCBCurrent = MLIB_Mul(((tFloat)MLIB_Div((tFloat)(adcResult& 0x00000FFF), (tFloat)0x00000FFF)), I_MAX);   返回 1; }   I_MAX 为 25、 因此 adcResults.dcbiVoltageRAW 范围为 [0,I_MAX],它不是实际的总线电流,因为实际总线电流为负值。 ADCResults.DCBIOffset 的范围也是 [0,I_MAX] 。 什么是 ADCResults.DCBIVoltage?电流还是电压? 有人能帮我解释一下 I_MAX、ADCResults.DCBIVoltageRaw、ADCResults.DCBIOffset 和 ADCResults.DCBIVoltage 吗?
View full article