BMSにおいて重要な指標: SOC、SOH、SOP (日本語ブログ)

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BMSにおいて重要な指標: SOC、SOH、SOP (日本語ブログ)

araki
NXP Employee
NXP Employee
1 0 1,947

バッテリーにおける重要な指標

電動化が進む現代社会において、リチウムイオンバッテリーは電気自動車やエネルギー貯蔵システムなどの中核を担う存在です。しかし、バッテリーの性能は常に均質ではなく、周囲の状態や劣化具合、また製造のばらつきなど様々な要因で変化します。そこで必要になるのが、バッテリーの状態を常に監視・制御するBMS (Battery Management System)です。

BMSは、バッテリーの安全性・性能・寿命を最大限に引き出すための頭脳であり、複数の指標をもとに判断・制御を行います。この記事では、BMSが扱う3つの重要指標であるSOCSOHSOPについて、定義や考え方、そしてそれぞれが果たす役割を解説します。

なお、BMSに関する基礎的な内容については、前回の記事(バッテリーマネジメントシステム (BMS)とは何か)で解説しておりますので、もしよろしければそちらもご覧ください。

charge.png



SOC: 今どれだけ充電されているか?

SOC (State of Charge)は、バッテリーが現在どれだけ充電されているかを示す指標です。SOCは以下のような式で表され、100%が満充電、0%が完全放電の状態です。

SOC = Qremain / Qfull charge × 100

ここで、Qremainは現在の蓄電量、Qfull chargeは満充電時の蓄電量です。
放電の度合いである放電深度を示す場合は、100%からSOCを引いたDOD (Depth of Discharge)を指標として使うこともあります。

SOCは、過充電・過放電を防ぐための制御に不可欠であり、エネルギー効率の最適化にも貢献します。SOCの精度が低いと、過充電や過放電による劣化リスクが高まるおそれから、その判断のしきい値に余裕を大きく取った慎重な設計をする必要があります。
これは航続距離や充電容量に直接的に関わるため、ユーザー体験上、SOCは非常に重要な指標といえるでしょう。



SOH: バッテリーの劣化はどの程度か?

SOH (State of Health)は、バッテリーの劣化度合いを示す指標で、新品時を100%とし、使用や経年によって徐々に低下します。100%からSOHを引いた値を劣化度として使う場合はSOD (State of Deterioration)と表現することもあります。
SOHは、具体的には以下のように計算され、新品時から見たその時の満充電容量の割合となります。

SOH = Qfull charge / Qinitial full charge × 100

ここで、Qfull chargeは現在の満充電容量 (実効容量ともいう)、Qinitial full chargeは新品時の満充電容量 (定格容量ともいう)です。Qfull chargeはSOCの計算で使われていたものと同じとなります。

SOHは、バッテリーの寿命予測や交換時期の判断、保証対応の根拠として活用されます。SOHが低下すれば、出力や容量も低下するため、性能維持の観点からも重要な指標です。
特に車載用途では、SOHの低下が走行距離や加速性能に直結するため、定期的な監視が不可欠です。また、電気自動車のバッテリーを再利用する際においても、その使用可否や再利用先の用途を判断する上でSOHは重要な指標となります。



SOP: 瞬間の最大出力はどの程度か?

SOP (State of Power)は、バッテリーが瞬間的にどれだけの電力を安全に入出力できるかを示す指標です。SOF (State of Function)と表現されることもあります。

SOPは、電気自動車においては加速性能や急な負荷変動への対応力を示し、また急速充電における最大の電力を示す指標です。これが高ければ、より早く充電を終わらせることができ、また加速力が強くなるため力強い走行が可能になります。
SOPは温度やバッテリーの劣化などに左右され、例えば温度が極端に高いまたは低い場合には、安全のために充放電電力を低くせざるを得ません。つまりSOPは低くなります。また、バッテリーが劣化して内部抵抗が上昇した場合は、同じ電圧を入力しても電流は小さくなり、またその抵抗が発熱につながるため、この相乗効果によりSOPはさらに低くなります。
いずれの場合にも、SOPが正確に把握できないと、その分だけマージンを取った設計を強いられることになり、パフォーマンスは低下することになります。
このように、バッテリーの安全性を確保しながら最大限のパフォーマンスを引き出すためには、SOPの正確な把握が不可欠です。



指標の連携とBMSの役割

BMSに関わる3つの指標についての説明をまとめると以下のようになります。

  • SOC: 現在のバッテリーの使用可能な容量の比率を表す指標
  • SOH: 新品時と現在のバッテリーとの容量の比率で示した、バッテリーの劣化度合いを表す指標
  • SOP: 現在のバッテリーが安全に発揮できる最大入出力電力の能力を表す指標

これらの指標は単独で使われるのではなく、相互に連携してBMSの判断材料となります。個々の性能だけがよくても、以下のような問題が生じる場合があります。

  • SOCが高くてもSOHが低ければ、そもそもの満充電時の容量が小さくバッテリーを長く使用できない
  • SOCやSOHが高くてもSOPが低ければ、潤沢なバッテリー容量を効果的に使えない
  • SOPが高くてもSOCが低ければ、すぐにバッテリーが終わってしまう

BMSは、CMU (Cell Monitoring Unit)でセルの電圧・温度を取得し、BMU (Battery Management Unit)で全体の状態を統合判断し、BJB (Battery Junction Box)で電流や総電圧を見ながら安全制御を実行するという構成で、これらの指標をリアルタイムで監視・制御しています。



性能と安全性の両方を高めるNXPのBMSソリューション

NXPのBMA7118MC33777は、BMSにおける重要指標の精度向上と安全性確保に大きく貢献する製品です。

BMA7118は、最大18セルのリチウムイオンバッテリーを高精度に監視するCMU向けICで、±0.8mVの電圧測定精度と優れた温度補正機能により、SOCやSOHの推定精度を高めることができます。また、セルバランシング機能や低消費電力設計により、バッテリーの利用効率を向上させることが可能です。

BMA7118.png

MC33777は、BJB向けのモニタICで、電流・電圧・温度の高速監視が可能なため、SOPの判断に必要な情報をリアルタイムで取得可能です。主要機能を統合しているため、MC33777を使うことで、部品点数を最大80%削減することが期待できます。また、MCUを介さずに動作可能なイベント検知機能を採用することにより、異常時の即時対応とそれによる高い安全性を実現します。
MC33777についてはニュースブリーフにてより詳しい情報を載せています。

MC33777MC33777

上記の2製品はどちらも、機能安全に関しても機能安全をサポートするためのドキュメント類や量産グレードのソフトウェアドライバを提供することが可能な製品となっております。これらの製品を組み合わせることで、セルからパックまでの統合的なバッテリー管理が可能となり、次世代EVやESSに最適なBMS構成を提供します。
このように、SOC・SOH・SOPの精度と信頼性を高めたいなら、NXPのBMSソリューションが最適です。

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変更履歴

  • 2025/09/11: ブログ投稿

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