The RIoTboard forum is a bit too user-focused for this kind of problem. We've made a relatively bare-bones IMX6DL board using the RIoTboard and the IMX6Rex (REX - Freescale i.MX6 - Open Source, FREE Schematic & PCB) as design references. Our internal codename for the board is RiotRex. It's catchy. :smileycool:
The good news is that we solved the problem. Here's the solution in case anyone else runs into the same situation. An incorrectly stuffed resistor was keeping the uSD card's Write Protect pin high.

Selection from dmesg with Write Protect Low (correct):
<7>SELinux: initialized (dev cgroup, type cgroup), uses genfs_contexts
<6>EXT4-fs (mmcblk0p5): mounted filesystem with ordered data mode. Opts: (null)
<7>SELinux: initialized (dev mmcblk0p5, type ext4), uses xattr
<6>EXT4-fs (mmcblk0p4): recovery complete
<6>EXT4-fs (mmcblk0p4): mounted filesystem with ordered data mode. Opts: nomblk_io_submit,noauto_da_alloc,errors=panic
<7>SELinux: initialized (dev mmcblk0p4, type ext4), uses xattr
<6>EXT4-fs (mmcblk0p6): recovery complete
<6>EXT4-fs (mmcblk0p6): mounted filesystem with ordered data mode. Opts: nomblk_io_submit
<7>SELinux: initialized (dev mmcblk0p6, type ext4), uses xattr
<6>EXT4-fs (mmcblk0p7): mounted filesystem with ordered data mode. Opts: (null)
<7>SELinux: initialized (dev mmcblk0p7, type ext4), uses xattr
<3>init: /dev/hw_random not found
<5>type=1400 audit(87357.949:4): avc: denied { entrypoint } for pid=2147 comm="init" path="/sbin/healthd" dev=rootfs ino=1422 scontext=u:r:healthd:s0 tcontext=u:object_r:rootfs:s0 tclass=file
<3>init: cannot find '/system/etc/install-recovery.sh', disabling 'flash_recovery'
Selection from dmesg with Write Protect High (incorrect):
<7>SELinux: initialized (dev cgroup, type cgroup), uses genfs_contexts
<6>EXT4-fs (mmcblk0p5): mounted filesystem with ordered data mode. Opts: (null)
<7>SELinux: initialized (dev mmcblk0p5, type ext4), uses xattr
<7>SELinux: initialized (dev tmpfs, type tmpfs), uses transition SIDs
<3>fs_mgr: Cannot mount filesystem on /dev/block/mmcblk0p6 at /cache
<3>init: fs_mgr_mount_all returned an error
<3>init: /dev/hw_random not found
<5>type=1400 audit(86448.340:4): avc: denied { entrypoint } for pid=2127 comm="init" path="/sbin/healthd" dev=rootfs ino=1428 scontext=u:r:healthd:s0 tcontext=u:object_r:rootfs:s0 tclass=file
<3>init: cannot find '/system/etc/install-recovery.sh', disabling 'flash_recovery'