Hi, Jan,
If you use the USB0 module as device mode, You have to connect the USB0_VBUS pin of LPC55S16 to VBUS pin of USB connector so that the USB0 port of LPC55s16 can detect if the USB0 is connected to USB host or not.
The USB0_VBUS is NOT 5V tolerant, so you have to connect the VBUS pin of USB connector to the USB0_VBUS pin(either P0_22 or P1_11) via a resistor divider.
xiangjun_rong_0-1640920041690.png
Regarding your second question, when you configure the P0_22 or P1_11 as USB0_VBUS function via IOCON module, you can read the pin's logic via GPIO input register, you are right. Generally you can read the pin logic via GPIO input register even if you configure the pin as the other peripheral instead of GPIO.
I attach the schematics of LPC55S16-EVK, pls refer to R66/R67 resistor divider.
Hope it can help you
BR
XiangJun Rong