Hi Markus,
I do not have your environment, but I guess the older bootloader firmware revision doesn't support the Linux Debian.
So I'd like to suggest that you can update the bootloader firmware under Window OS, then plug in the USB cable under the Linux Debian again to check the FRDM-KE02Z40M whether works well or not.
You can learn the procedure of updating bootloader firmware through the link below.
Tutorial de Atualização OpenSDA / PE Micro - Bootloader e Firmware
Have a great day,
Ping
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