Using a RAW NAND is more difficult compared to eMMC, but for lower capacity it is still cheaper.
Even with the ONFI (Open NAND Flash Interface) you can face initialization issue you can find by measure performance.
I will take example of a non-well supported flash, I have installed on my evaluation board (SABRE AI).
I wanted to do a simple performance test, to check roughly the MB/s I can expected with this NAND.
One of a simplest test is to use the dd command:
root@imx6qdlsolo:~# time dd if=/dev/mtd4 of=/dev/null
851968+0 records in
851968+0 records out
436207616 bytes (436 MB, 416 MiB) copied, 131.8884 s, 3.3 MB/s
As my RAW was supposed to work in EDO Mode 5, I could expect more than 20MB/s.
To check what was wrong, read you kernel startup log:
Booting Linux on physical CPU 0x0
Linux version 4.1.15-2.0.0+gb63f3f5 (bamboo@yb6) (gcc version 5.3.0 (GCC) ) #1 SMP PREEMPT Fri Sep 16 15:02:15 CDT 2016
CPU: ARMv7 Processor [412fc09a] revision 10 (ARMv7), cr=10c53c7d
CPU: PIPT / VIPT nonaliasing data cache, VIPT aliasing instruction cache
Machine model: Freescale i.MX6 DualLite/Solo SABRE Automotive Board
[...]
Amd/Fujitsu Extended Query Table at 0x0040
Amd/Fujitsu Extended Query version 1.3.
number of CFI chips: 1
nand: device found, Manufacturer ID: 0xc2, Chip ID: 0xdc
nand: Macronix MX30LF4G18AC
nand: 512 MiB, SLC, erase size: 128 KiB, page size: 2048, OOB size: 64
gpmi-nand 112000.gpmi-nand: mode:5 ,failed in set feature.
Bad block table found at page 262080, version 0x01
Bad block table found at page 262016, version 0x01
nand_read_bbt: bad block at 0x00000a7e0000
nand_read_bbt: bad block at 0x00000dc80000
4 cmdlinepart partitions found on MTD device gpmi-nand
Creating 4 MTD partitions on "gpmi-nand":
On line 13 you can read "mode:5, failed in set feature", meaning you are not in mode 5... so you have the "relaxed" timing you have at boot.
After debuging your code (I have just remove the NAND back reading security check), you can redo the test:
root@imx6qdlsolo:~# time dd if=/dev/mtd4 of=/dev/null
851968+0 records in
851968+0 records out
436207616 bytes (436 MB, 416 MiB) copied, 32.9721 s, 13.2 MB/s
So you multiplied the performances by 4!
Anyway, you have a better tool to measure your NAND performance, it is mtd_speedtest, but you have to rebuild your kernel.
In Yocto, reconfigure your kernel (on your PC of couse!):
bitbake virtual/kernel -c menuconfig
Choose in the menu "Device Drivers" -> "Memory Technology Device (MTD) support" -> "MTD tests support", even it it not recommended!
bitbake virtual/kernel -f -c compile
bitbake virtual/kernel -f -c build
bitbake virtual/kernel -f -c deploy
Then reflash you board (kernel + rootfs as tests are .ko files):
Then you can do more accurate performance test:
insmod /lib/modules/4.1.29-fslc+g59b38c3/kernel/drivers/mtd/tests/mtd_speedtest.ko dev=2
=================================================
mtd_speedtest: MTD device: 2
mtd_speedtest: MTD device size 16777216, eraseblock size 131072, page size 2048, count of eraseblocks 128, pages per eraseblock 64, OOB size 64
mtd_test: scanning for bad eraseblocks
mtd_test: scanned 128 eraseblocks, 0 are bad
mtd_speedtest: testing eraseblock write speed
mtd_speedtest: eraseblock write speed is 4537 KiB/s
mtd_speedtest: testing eraseblock read speed
mtd_speedtest: eraseblock read speed is 16384 KiB/s
mtd_speedtest: testing page write speed
mtd_speedtest: page write speed is 4250 KiB/s
mtd_speedtest: testing page read speed
mtd_speedtest: page read speed is 15784 KiB/s
mtd_speedtest: testing 2 page write speed
mtd_speedtest: 2 page write speed is 4426 KiB/s
mtd_speedtest: testing 2 page read speed
mtd_speedtest: 2 page read speed is 16047 KiB/s
mtd_speedtest: Testing erase speed
mtd_speedtest: erase speed is 244537 KiB/s
mtd_speedtest: Testing 2x multi-block erase speed
mtd_speedtest: 2x multi-block erase speed is 252061 KiB/s
mtd_speedtest: Testing 4x multi-block erase speed
mtd_speedtest: 4x multi-block erase speed is 256000 KiB/s
mtd_speedtest: Testing 8x multi-block erase speed
mtd_speedtest: 8x multi-block erase speed is 260063 KiB/s
mtd_speedtest: Testing 16x multi-block erase speed
mtd_speedtest: 16x multi-block erase speed is 260063 KiB/s
mtd_speedtest: Testing 32x multi-block erase speed
mtd_speedtest: 32x multi-block erase speed is 256000 KiB/s
mtd_speedtest: Testing 64x multi-block erase speed
mtd_speedtest: 64x multi-block erase speed is 260063 KiB/s
mtd_speedtest: finished
=================================================
You can now achieve almost 16MB/s, better than the dd test. Of course you cannot achieve more than 20MB/s, but you are not that far, and the NAND driver need optimizations.
To redo the test:
rmmod /lib/modules/4.1.29-fslc+g59b38c3/kernel/drivers/mtd/tests/mtd_speedtest.ko
insmod /lib/modules/4.1.29-fslc+g59b38c3/kernel/drivers/mtd/tests/mtd_speedtest.ko dev=2
To check your NAND is in EDO mode 5, you can check your clock tree:
/unit_tests/dump-clocks.sh
clock parent flags en_cnt pre_cnt rate
[...]
gpmi_bch_apb --- 00000005 0 0 198000000
gpmi_bch --- 00000005 0 0 198000000
gpmi_io --- 00000005 0 0 99000000
gpmi_apb --- 00000005 0 0 198000000
The IO are clocked now at 99MHz, thus you can read at 49.5MHz (20ns in EDO mode 5 definition).
