If there is process accessing the partition, it won't be allowed to umount/remount.
Take data partition for example, I can see zygote, setting, lock screen, ... are accessing it. There are no ways to let those processes release accessing now.
The simple way is just to kill zygote then other processes spawned by zygote will also got killed then release. (Since your use case is at shutdown)
So, you can try the command in your console:
root@android:/ # stop
root@android:/ # umount /data
root@android:/ # mount
...
/dev/block/mmcblk0p5 /system ext4 ro,relatime,user_xattr,barrier=1,data=ordered 0 0
/dev/block/mmcblk0p6 /cache ext4 rw,nosuid,nodev,relatime,user_xattr,barrier=1,nomblk_io_submit,data=ordered 0 0
/dev/block/mmcblk0p7 /device ext4 ro,nosuid,nodev,relatime,user_xattr,barrier=1,data=ordered 0 0
As above showed, umount or remount worked.