Old thread yet I had this problem recently, after installing Ubuntu on a mostly unsupported laptop I had problems with sound. I uninstalled PulseAudio and Unity was affected. First update and upgrade your system and run auto-remove.
$> sudo apt-get update
$> sudo apt-get upgrade-distro
$> sudo apt-get upgrade
$> sudo apt-get auto-remove
See if that fixes it for you - if not, then I recommend you check Unity and try installing
LXDE to make sure X-Windows isn't the issue.
$> sudo apt-get install unity
$> sudo apt-get install lxde
At this point it should be working, try
$> startx
If it is, yet you still get the "low-graphics mode" message on reboot then install a new greeter for LightDM:
$> sudo apt-get install lightdm-gtk-greeter
Now it should be fixed.