Our experience of using Virtualbox was that its USB support was not good enough to use for reliable debug probe connections. This was sometime ago though - so the VirtualBox's USB support may have improved recently. Note that many of the LPCXpresso team do use Parallels or VMware Fusions on Macs to run LPCXpresso IDE on Windows and Linux quite successfully, including for debug.
Anyway, the first thing to check would be that Windows has no grabbed control of the USB devices back from VirtualBox (which can happen in VM setups, particularly when the probe is soft-booted).
If that doesn't help, then I would suggest that you :
1) Power your board down
2) Delete any .launch files within your project
3) Delete any .swd or .jtag files within your project (probably in the Debug/Release folders)
4) Check that there are no debug related tasks still running (redlinkserv, arm-none-eabi_gdb*, crt_emu_*)
then power your board up again and see if debugging now works.
It might also be worth trying with/without a powered hub.
Other things to try would be preprogramming the probe firmware with LPCScrypt, or manually soft-booting the probe - so that you can confirm what VirtualBox does with the probe before you start a debug session.
Booting LPC-Link2
LPC-Link2 Debug Probe firmware programming
However at the end of the day we cannot make any guarantees about debugging under VMs - USB can just be too temperamental (particular in our historic experience of VirtualBox).
Regards,
LPCXpresso Support.