Thank you for your answer.
To clarify, I set up a new project with "File, New, Project, LPCXpresso C Project, LPC54100, LPC5410x (M0+).
I can build and flash this project without problem, but not debug. So I do not understand, why the startup after flashing works, where it will not work with the debugger.
Your mentioned minimal piece of M4 code has to be there already because the M0 code works after normal flashing (not debugging).
Setup of M0+ Project (flashing works, debug not):

Setup of M4 Project (flashing works, debug WORKS also):
