Hi Lukas,
OFD bit set, means the RTC oscillator fail detected.
The user manual already describe it:

This problem is caused by the external RTC crystal circuit.
From your description:if I connect signal generator (square, about 30 kHz) and put the probe on RTC Xtal pins, it fixes the problem
This point also means your external RTC crystal circuit have the mismatching factor, you need to adjust the external capacitor.
I suggest you try to change the external capacitor to a little large capacitor.
We also have application note about the crystal, you can refer to it:
http://www.nxp.com/documents/report/R_10074.pdf
Wish it helps you!
Have a great day,
Jingjing
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