> What is the maximum recommended cable length (assuming copper wires) that can be used?
That does not depend on the peripheral, but the physical transceiver chip. The MCU only provides the logic-level Rx and Tx pins. The MC33897, PCA82C25x or MCP2551 would be examples of such transceivers.
Since CAN is not a point-to-point bus like RS232, the sheer cable length is less of an criterium, but rather the whole bus configuration and cabling.
> Are the bit timing configurations that are used published somewhere (tq, prop-seg1, prop-seg2, etc)?
I would check the SDKs of you MCU for CAN examples.