Hi Lacouture,
I will try to answer your questions the best I can:
Acquisition: Flexio,
1) What is the expected maximum input external Clock supported by the FlexIO peripheral for K80 (sampling)?

In the reference manual mention that the maximum core clock can be used to supply the FlexIO.
2) Is there any other NXP micro that can support higher input external Clock than K80?
Other MCU that has the same features is the K28/K27, but it has the same core frequency. Other MCU that has this features is the i.MX RT 1050/1060, mybe you could take a look at it.
This peripheral is used to emulate other protocols like I2C, SPI or other protocols. I don't really understand the relation between this and the sampling in the ADC, are you going
Record: SD card controller
3) According to the SD card information, a micro SDXC SanDisk Extreme 128 Go can write data until 90 Mo/s. What could be the maximum writing speed that I can expect by using FatFs or blocks.
In the reference manual it mention the maximum data transfer is 200 Mbps for 4 lines, and 416 Mbps for 8 lines.

4) Which SD card would you recommend me to use for having the best writing performance.
Unforunately, NXP doesn't have a list or recommended SD to work with its harware but if the operating range is between the mentioned in the Table 56. SDHC full voltage range switching specifications it should be ok.
I hope this helps you.
Best Regards,
Alexis Andalon