I think I know the issue. Both the reference manual's XBARA memory map and register description, and the SDK's MIMXRT1011.h says that on this chip, the XBARA_SEL is up to XBARA_SEL65 - which means it has 130 outputs.

However, in the RT1010 reference manual's description of the peripheral, it says it only has 31 outputs:

I take it that the actual number of outputs is correct, since when I tried deleting XBARA_SEL16-XBARA_SEL65 in the SDK's MIMXRT1011.h XBARA_Type definition, I was able to configure an interrupt to fire on the output's edge transition.
So I guess the root cause of this is a mistake in the RT1011's SVD definition, from which parts of the reference manual and SDK headers are auto-generated. I think the current definition is mistakenly copied over from RT1020, whch *does* have 130 XBARA outputs.