A few suggestions for you.
1> The error log indicates that insufficient system resources caused the compilation to terminate. So, suggest to check the number of CPU cores and memory of your HOST, as well as the number of parallel compilations, etc.
2> Follow up the section Host Setup> Yocto User Guide, like the version of Ubuntu, Host packages.
3> Try bitbake vulkan-validation-layers -c cleanall when you clean the one, then rebuild it.
Regards
Harvey