You are correct, at first I just changed the register definition file. Then I re-assembled the program and in the debugger I used the ICD12 menu command "Set Derivative" to change to 9S12DP512. It still wouldn't let me program the flash.
I usually don't use codewarrior except for the command line assembler and Hiwave debugger, so I thought that was my problem. I went into Codewarrior (ver 3.1) and opened the demo DP512 application that is targeted to the P&E debugger. Even that wouldn't program the DP512. I even tried making a new application using the wizard and didn't add any extra code. It was only 83 bytes or so and it wouldn't program either.
Assuming it might be an installation problem, I even tried two different Micros, and the circuit board was previously running a 256 version, so I know the board is good. Maybe I have a bad batch of micros or something?
I included a screenshot of the debugger in case that helps...