Hello Justin,
For a 24V/3A output, the feedback divider (R23 and R24) sets the TL431 reference at 2.5V. The ratio is:

So if R24 = 5.1 kΩ, R23 ≈ 43 kΩ.
R25 and C17 form part of the compensation network for loop stability. Typical values are R25 = 1 kΩ–10 kΩ and C17 = 100 nF–470 nF, tuned per AN10868.
The MOSFET switches the rectified DC bus voltage, which is about 160 V for 115 VAC input or 325 V for 230 VAC input. Gate drive is 10–12 V and the switching frequency is around 66 kHz.
BRs, Tomas