Answering my own question in the hope that it might be useful to someone else:
There appears to be no clean way to get the MQX_FLOATING_POINT_TASK attribute set when the shell task is created, but it doesn't matter because there is a way to set this attribute later from within the task. It is not mentioned in the MQX user guide but the functions are listed in the reference manual:
_task_enable_fp();
/* do floaty things */
_task_disable_fp();
So, just do this from within the particular command that needs floating point, and it will temporarily set and clear the attribute on the shell task.