Hello,
It's wonderful to see your enthusiasm for learning about microcontrollers and addressing your keyboard issue with the LPC11U14F microcontroller from NXP, which likely handles USB connectivity for your keyboard.
Reading the microcontroller's configuration directly may not be simple, especially without prior experience. The configuration is usually stored in firmware, a low-level software providing specific hardware control. Accessing or understanding this firmware requires specialized knowledge and tools.
However, you can troubleshoot the issue by grasping keyboard operation principles. Each key connects to the microcontroller via a matrix of rows and columns. If a whole column of keys isn't working, check for disconnections or damage along the connection path.
Consider replacing the microcontroller only if the entire keyboard is functional. This complex task requires desoldering the old one and soldering a new one in place. Always prioritize safety when working with electronics. Best of luck with your troubleshooting!