Hi Daniel,
Answer your two questions:
1. Why is firstly the /*Set calibration mode*/?, shouldn't it be last after the 500KHz SetClockRate?.
This is the calibration correct cycle, the chip just design it like this, you can't change the operation sequence.
You can find it from chapter:

2. what does it mean by ADC_CR_CALMODEBIT?
CALMODE it bit 30, you can find it from the user manual:

I think maybe you want to ask ADC_CR_ASYNMODE, it is bit 8, I think it just want to clear these bit.

Wish it helps you!
Have a great day,
Kerry
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