At UEFI runtime U-Boot does not have any device drivers (except for reboot/poweroff on some boards).
One implementation of UEFI variables in U-Boot uses the Replay Protected Memory Block (RPMB) of an eMMC for storage. StandaloneMM used as an OP-TEE module implements the necessary logic. See https://u-boot.readthedocs.io/en/latest/develop/uefi/uefi.html#using-op-tee-for-efi-variables
UEFI variables cannot be set at runtime. The U-Boot command 'efidebug' can be used to set the variables
https://docs.u-boot.org/en/v2021.07/develop/uefi/uefi.html
Regards