A1) True, there could be higher than the maximum parametric value of current on the output for FB. The maximum rated output of the circuit is 20mA, which would correspond to about 8A in the HS transistor. A further point is that the FB output is a current mirror of the SUM of the forward currents in both HS transistors. There are two ways to insure the ADC input is not overloaded, one is to keep the resistor value which develops the sense voltage small enough that the sense voltage cannot exceed the input rail. The other way is to insure that the input to the ADC is clamped to a safe voltage. This utilizes the input filter for the ADC in conjunction with either a diode connection to a positive supply or a zener/TVS which is sized correctly. Note, that most ADC have an input clamp on the input already, so sizing the filter resistor appropriately should provide adequate protection.
A2)The logical function is stated in the functional description. Your understanding is correct. You are also correct in the assumption that the change in input is immediate, this is a combinatorial logic with the IN1 and IN2 pins, so the outputs are switched immediately.
BR
Steve
