The typedef does make sense, when you use an SCI in 9 bit mode, then AS1_TComData is typedefed to word, not to byte anymore.
So with the typedef the code works independently of this setting.
If you want to use byte in your code, well that's actually even compatible as in C typedefs do not introduce new types, they just introduce an alias to an existing type. Of course then your code will fail with a 9 bit SCI.
Daniel