Hi, Yannick
What is your build command? As far as I know, to only build a dtb file, you can just build it without building kernel, they can be build separately, see below my build command for i.mx6q sabresd board's dtb, hope it helps.
make ARCH=arm CROSS_COMPILE=arm-poky-linux-gnueabi- imx6q-sabresd.dtb;