It depends on your reference voltage value at Vref.
At the ADC level one bit will represent Vref/65536 (16 bits for a 16 bit ADC).
These direct ADC readings will be referred to as 'counts' in a lot of places, until converted into something with meaning like Volts.
Any external dividers need to be accounted for that might be between your input and the ADC input.
There could also be ADC gain settings that could change things.
Having an input higher than Vref will give the top reading of all bits set and depending on how things are setup could look like either a positive or negative number from having the most significant bit set.
Analog Devices at https://www.analog.com has a lot of good analog design information in their seminar series.