Hi @____
I hope you are doing well! If you power the MCU with VDD of 5V, the VDDA (analog supply) should be in the (5.0– 0.3)v and (5.0 + 0.3)v range.
The external reference pins VREFL and VREFH, should also follow VDDA and VSSA, So, if VDDA is 5V, the external VREFH should be at 5V too. And this is also restrictive because VREFH and VDDA are internally connected.

So , as you point out : there is no option to power the controller with any voltage around 5V, and use a external ADC reference with +3.0V
For design reference you could check the FRDM-KE02Z40M schematics.
All the best,
Diego.