Hi Aaron,
I have tested the SPI on a simple example code and the behavior you describe is correct.
I have the same results and I can read the data on pins.
The SPI0DRL register is not a regular register.
When you write to it, you write to TX register and it is immediately transmitted to shift register.
The 0x00FF is probably a mask, it means you have configured 8-bit transfer width.
In case SPI0CR2_XFRW == 1 (16-bit transfer width), the mask is then 0xFFFF.
Regards,
Daniel