Hello vinicius.oliveira@enfas.de,
In both cases we have the same I2C frame:
- the START condition is defined in I2C protocol as a high-to-low transition on the SDA line, while SCL is high
- the data is then sampled on the rising edge of SCL

Having this in mind, in both cases we have a START condition at first (while SCL is high, SDA goes from high to low), then we get the following data (sampled on the rising edge of SCL): b 1100 1000 (0xC8).
In the NXP_log picture you have highlighted the SCL transitioning from high to low, while in the OTHER_uc_log you have highlighted SDA transitioning from low to high. Note that you have SDA and SCL reversed in the two images.
To answer to your direct question, there is no way to delay the I2C - and there is no phase and/or polarity as in the SPI case - they start with the START condition mentioned above. But again, even though I'm not sure what the problem might be, the 2 frames carry the same information (Write 0xC8 frames from the 2 images you posted).
If you can share what type of device you're trying to communicate with, I can take a look at it, maybe try it out if I can get my hands on the hardware necessary.
Kind regards,
Razvan.