hi,_Ferrari_
Thank you for your interest in NXP Semiconductor products and the opportunity to serve you, I will gladly help you with this.
I have done some tests using the LPC55S28 development board. I think the "lpcxpresso55s28_dev_cdc_vcom_bm" program in this SDK is more suitable for your application needs. You can refer to this demo, but the vcom routine in this program is self-transmitting and self-receiving (echo), and the data received by the virtual serial port is sent back intact. Therefore, when using this demo, it is necessary to decouple VCOM's Tx (transmit) and Rx (receive).
As you said, in this demo program, when the device receives data from the PC (host), it will disable all interrupts to protect the Copy Buffer to Send Buff code from interrupt interference. Please make sure that you have avoided the host from sending data to the device during the sampling process, or removed these codes.

At the same time, you can set the sampling flag in the position shown in the figure below to transmit data from the device to the host.

Wish it helps you.
If you still have question about it,please kindly let me know.
BR
Xu Zhang