Gee Whiz,
I expected someone a lot more qualified than I would have answered your question by now, but nevertheless, I can suggest a simple place to start - if you can solder a bit.
The very simplest way to use the Freedom board with a bread board would be to solder wires to pins 8 and 12 (or 14) of J9 and then any two of the odd numbered pins, for example p1 (PTB8) and p3 (PTB9).
J9 p1 would connect through a switch to ground (p12 or 14), and J9 p3 would connect to an LED and resistor to p8 (3V3).
(You need to make sure the MCU output to the LED never exceeds 5mA. If you can keep it down to one or two mA and still have the LED light, so much the better. The resistance of the LED and resistor determine how much current will flow through the MCU output.)
Then, you would write your program to use p1 as an input and p3 as an output.
Erich Steiger has excellent beginner tutorials on his website – http://mcuoneclipse.com.
To learn how to program an input and output go to http://mcuoneclipse.com/2012/11/12/tutorial-bits-and-pins-with-kinetis/
He also shows a better way to connect to the Freedom board than just hard soldering wires to it.
(For my own usage, I have soldered female AMPMODU receptacles to the underside of the board and plug the whole board into an IO board I designed and self etched. It has worked quite well for the last 6 months or so. But, there are Arduino shields that will be much easier for a beginner to start with. See Erich's website for suggestions about these as well.)
If you have no experience soldering, I would not suggest doing it yourself. (But it is something you can learn by watching video tutorials and practicing with small components first.)
Regarding connecting sensors, that is a big subject in itself. It depends on the kind of sensors you need. If you give more specifics, someone can probably give you more information.
For a simple analog voltage input visit:
Tutorial: ADC with the Freedom Board | MCU on Eclipse
G'Luck mate.
